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OCaml Weekly News

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Hello

Here is the latest OCaml Weekly News, for the week of December 28, 2021 to = January 04, 2022.

A hack for toplevel breakpoints using effect handlers

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/a-hack-for-t= oplevel-breakpoints-using-effect-handlers/9065/1

wiktor announced

I started playing with effect handlers and wondered if they could be used t= o implement toplevel breakpoints. It's a big hack and probably unsound at the moment, but it works and here's an exa= mple interaction: 

let arr =3D
  let fact n =
=3D
    let arr =3D Array=
.make (n+1) 1 in<=
/span>
    let rec loop i =3D
      if i <=3D n then begin
        Break.break ["i", i; "arr", arr];
        arr.(i) <- arr.(i-1) * i;
        loop (i+1)
      end
    in
    (loop 1; arr)
  in
    fact 5;;
# (* We hit a breakpoint and obtain the continuation k *)
  k ();;
- : bool =3D true
# (* the bools are leaking from the execute_phrase function
   * inside the toplevel *)
  k ();;
- : bool =3D true
# i;;
- : int =3D 3
# arr;;
- : int array =3D [|1; 1; 2; 1; 1; 1|]
# (* let's disturb the computation of factorials *)
  arr.(i-1) <- 42;;
- : unit =3D ()
# k ();;
- : bool =3D true
# (* btw: here the user is like a scheduler for yield-based async *)
  k ();;
- : bool =3D true
# k ();;
val arr : int array =3D [|1; 1; 42; 126; 504; 2520|]
- : bool =3D true

Currently I don't try to clean up bindings or values, which is a source of = unsoundness. After the last k () we got two results: First the computation of let arr ... finished, an= d then the computation of k () finished. But k is a part of the execution of let arr ..., so these two execution= s "intersect" without one being contained in the other. This makes the question of what should the current variable bindings= be complicated. Setting the bindings at end of execution is futile, when a continuation may in such a way leak bind= ings from breakpoint time.

Possibly a stack discipline for the execution of phrases is required to mak= e the environments behave properly: at the end of executing a phrase we cancel (with another effect, maybe) other exec= utions which "depend" on the current execution (evaluate the k obtained from a breakpoint in the cu= rrent execution). This should eliminate these "intersections" and we could throw out the bindings added by the cancelled = executions.

I haven't tried anything with polymorphism yet, but type variables should p= robably be changed into abstract types inside the binders.

Here's the code: https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/ocaml/compa= re/multicore-pr...wiktorkuchta:toplevel-break

wiktor later said

Well, this might have been unnecessary, as most of it can be done properly = in userspace (with more syntactic overhead). 

open EffectHandlers
open Deep

type ('a, 'b) res =3D
  | Bp of 'a * ((unit, ('a, 'b) res) continua=
tion)
  | Fin <=
span style=3D"color: #a020f0;">of 'b

module type P1 =3D sig  val i : int  val arr : int array end
type payload =3D P1 of=
 (module P1)
type _ eff +=3D Break : payload -> unit eff

let arr () =3D
  let fact n =
=3D
    let arr =3D Array=
.make (n+1) 1 in<=
/span>
    let rec loop i =3D
      if i <=3D n then begin
        perform (Break (P=
1 (module =
struct let i =3D i =
let arr =3D arr end)));
        arr.(i) <- arr.(i-1) * i;
        loop (i+1)
      end
    in
    (loop 1; arr)
  in
    fact 5;;

let with_break th =3D
  try_with (fun () -> Fin (th ())) ()
  { effc =3D fun (type a) (e : a eff<=
/span>) ->
      match e with
      | Break p -> Som=
e (fun (k : (a,_) continuation) -> Bp (p, k))
      | _ -> =
None }

let cont =3D functi=
on
  | Bp (_=
, k) -> continue k ()
  | Fin _=
 -> failwith "computation finished, cannot continue"

let get =3D functio=
n
  | Bp (r=
, _) -> r
  | Fin _=
 -> failwith "computation finished, no breakpoint payload"

let get1 r =
=3D match get r with P1 m -> m

# let r =3D with_break a=
rr;;
val r : (payload, int array) res =3D Bp (P1 <module>, <abstr>)
# open (val get1 r);;
val i : int =3D 1
val arr : int array =3D [|1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1|]

The main pain point is having to define the payload types. In basic cases t= he payload type could be just a simple polymorphic variant. It would be nice if it could be completely inferred, b= ut it's unlikely as `Break` has to have a statically known argument.

With a bit of help from tooling (ppxes for code generation and shorthands i= n the toplevel), this could be better than printf debugging.

Guillaume Munch-Maccagnoni then said

This is an interesting experiment.

  • This reminds me of the idea of high-level stack inspection for debuggin= g and security (articulated for instance in Clements' PhD thesis Portable and high-level access to the stack with Continuati= on Marks; here's another more recent paper from the Racket people that might= be relevant). One can ask whether a PPX can provide high-level stack inspe= ction or if one needs support from the compiler for that. It's nice to expe= riment.
  • A few years ago someone asked whether there could be a use to untyped a= lgebraic effects in OCaml (in the sense that they do not appear in the effe= ct annotation in function types). I proposed debugging as an example. Someo= ne suggested that it is not too hard to adapt the interface types of all fu= nctions in the call chain to add the appropriate effect annotation (and rem= ove it afterwards), but I was not convinced.

Multi-shot continuations gone forever?

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/multi-shot-continuations-gon= e-forever/9072/1

cyberpink asked

What happens with multi-shot continuations now that Obj.clone_continuation = was removed? (ht= tps://github.com/ocaml-multicore/ocaml-multicore/pull/651)

Anything that requires a "fork" operation, like say, a probabilistic progra= mming EDSL, needs this. None of the old examples I've looked at like Delimcc on top of effects have been updated to use a new method, and I haven't been able to find any hints of one.

Are multi-shot continuations just not possible now? Are there plans to add = something equivalent back in later?

Nicol=C3=A1s Ojeda B=C3=A4r replied

Yes, multi-shot continuations are gone and is unlikely that they will find = their way back any time soon. One (good) reason is explained in h= ttps://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3434314 :

3D"8d26520ef0f7=

and

3D"b28fa14f9673=

Guillaume Munch-Maccagnoni then said

I think the question still stands. You cut the sentence =E2=80=9C_Extending= our system with multi-shot continuations is future work (=C2=A78)_=E2=80=9D. Also the paper is about a particular model= based on separation logic rather than OCaml itself (for instance the authors also mention that their continuations are affine = instead of linear unlike in OCaml multicore).

Nevertheless, the multicore designers were aware that duplicating continuat= ions makes it complicated to reason about resources. The topic of mixing continuations and linearity has been better = studied from the angle of algebraic models of computation and proof theory. Essentially, with an effect system you cou= ld ensure that certain kinds of effects do not happen in the delimited part of the program (including allocating a res= ource), which controls copiability of the stack from the point of view of reasoning about the program. This is inspir= ed by some logics that mix classical and intuitionistic or linear logic. From this angle the ability to copy a conti= nuation would be restricted to a sub-part of the language which is pure to some degree. This should also be a suitabl= e starting point if one wanted to develop a program logic to formalise the reasoning about such programs.

However according to #651 there were more technical reasons to drop clone_continuation, such as breaking compiler = optimizations. I am curious as well to know whether there are plans to reintroduce clone_continuation at some poin= t, but obviously this would require some effort.

KC Sivaramakrishnan said

@nojb and @gadmm have already answered why we've dropped support for = clone_continuation now. We will need to track the copiability of the continuation in the continuation type and compiler o= ptimisations also need to be made aware of the possibility of copying. Given the pervasive nature of its effects, ther= e are no immediate plans to bring the feature back. We will have to come back to this after we have typed effects.

Anything that requires a =E2=80=9Cfork=E2=80=9D operation, like say, a prob= abilistic programming EDSL

One can get pretty far with PPL with just one-shot continuations. My studen= t and I did some experiments building a DSL for a PPL to learn about the space: https://github.com/Arnhav-Datar/EffPPL. Having spoken t= o PPL experts there are indeed some usecases where multi-shot continuations are useful, but fro= m what I understand, the one-shotness isn't a blocker for PPL.

I would be interested in collecting usecases where multi-shot continuations= are absolutely necessary.

gasche then said

Interesting!

My (probably naive) mental model of HANSEI-style libraries, using multishot= continuations, is that they are extensions/generalization of a non-probabilistic "logic/non-deterministic m= onad" that searches for the set of solutions to a problem. Multishot continuations are naturally used in non-d= eterministic computations at backtracking points, to explore different search directions and collect the result. It i= s possible to avoid multishot continuations by replaying the whole search from the start each time (refer= ence: Capturing the future by = replaying the past), but this involves duplicated computations so it is less effi= cient (reference: Asymptotic speedup= with first-class control).

Can you give some intuition of how other approaches to probalistic inferenc= e work, that do not require multishot continuations? Are they also duplicating computations, or are they using a = magic trick to avoid this issue with a different inference algorithm?

I tried to find an answer to this question by reading the internship report, but I couldn't locate an answer. (The report mentions HANSEI in the related work, but it does not discuss this qu= estion.) The report explains that the inference algorithm, called HMC (Hamiltonian Monte Carlo), uses automatic d= ifferenciation; so it uses a sort of symbolic manipulation / analysis of the probabilistic program to sample. Bu= t does this avoid repeated computations? It may be the case instead that the differential is as large or larger than= the program itself, and that the search algorithm using this differential in effect perform a program-sized computa= tion at each search step, duplicating computations.

Sadiq said

Not a PPL but I've been hacking on a little effects-based model checker for= concurrent data structures that implements dynamic partial order reduction (https://github.com/sadiqj/dscheck/ - a WIP!). Multi-sho= t continuations would have been very useful.

I ended up implementing something that involves maintaining a schedule and = repeatedly replaying the computation. It looks very similar to what Cap= turing the future.. proposes.

New release of Menhir (20211230)

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-new-release-of-menhir-20211= 230/9077/1

Fran=C3=A7ois Pottier announced

Dear OCaml & Menhir users,

I am pleased to announce a new release of Menhir, with a major improvement.

The code back-end has been rewritten from the ground up by =C3=89mile Troti= gnon and by myself, and now produces efficient and well-typed OCaml code. The infamous Obj.magic is not used any more.

Furthermore, the new code back-end produces code that is more aggressively optimized, leading to a significant reduction in memory allocation and a typical performance improvement of up to 20% compared to the previous code back-end. 

opam update
opam install menhir.20211230

Happy well-typed parsing in 2022!

2021/12/30

  • The code back-end has been rewritten from the ground up by =C3=89mile Troti= gnon and Fran=C3=A7ois Pottier, and now produces efficient and well-typed= OCaml code. The infamous Obj.magic is not used any more.

    The table back-end and the Coq back-end are unaffected by this change.

    The main side effects of this change are as follows:

    • The code back-end now needs type information. This means that
      either Menhir's type inference mechanism must be enabled (the easiest way of enabling it is to use Menhir via dune and to check that the dune-project file says (using menhir 2.0) or later)
      or the type of every nonterminal symbol must be explicitly given via a %type declaration.
    • The code back-end no longer allows the type of any symbol to be an open polymorphic variant type, such as [> `A ]. As a workar= ound, we suggest using a closed polymorphic variant instead.

    • The code back-end now adheres to the simplified error-handling strat= egy, as opposed to the legacy strategy.

      For grammars that do not use the error token, this make= s no difference.

      For grammars that use the error token in the limited way permi= tted by the simplified strategy, this makes no difference either. The simplified strategy makes the following requirement: the error token shou= ld always appear at the end of a production, whose semantic action should abort the parser by raising an exception.

      Grammars that make more complex use of the error token, and th= erefore need the legacy strategy, cannot be compiled by the new code b= ack-end. As a workaround, it is possible to switch to the table back-end (using --table --strategy legacy) or to the ancient code back-end (us= ing --code-ancient). In the long run, we recommend abandoning t= he use of the error token. Support for the error token = may be removed entirely at some point in the future.

    The original code back-end, which has been around since the early days of Menhir (2005), temporarily remains available (using --code-ancient). It will be removed at some point in the future.

    The new code back-end offers several levels of optimization, which remain undocumented and are subject to change in the future. At present, the main levels are roughly as follows:

    • -O 0 --represent-everything uses a uniform representation = of the stack and produces straightforward code.
    • -O 0 uses a non-uniform representation of the stack; some = stack cells have fewer fields; some stack cells disappear altogether.
    • -O 1 reduces memory traffic by moving PUSH op= erations so that they meet POP operations and cancel out.
    • -O 2 optimizes the reduction of unit productions (that is,= productions whose right-hand side has length 1) by performing a limited amount of code specialization.

    The default level of optimization is the maximum level, -O 2.

  • The new command line switch --exn-carries-state causes the= exception Error to carry an integer parameter: exception Error of = int. When the parser detects a syntax error, the number of the current state is reported in this way. This allows the caller to select a suitable syntax error message, along the lines described in Sect= ion 11 of the manual. This command line switch is currently supported by the code back-end only.
  • The $syntaxerror keyword is no longer supported.
  • Document the trick of wrapping module aliases in open struct ... = end, like this: %{ open struct module alias M =3D MyLongModuleName end %}<= /code>. This allows you to use the short name M in your grammar, but f= orces OCaml to infer types that refer to the long name MyLongModuleName. (Suggested by Fr=C3=A9d=C3=A9ric Bour.)

Improved documentation for Fix

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-improved-documentation-for-= fix/9079/1

Fran=C3=A7ois Pottier announced

My last contribution for 2021 is an improved documentation for Fix, a libra= ry that helps with various algorithmic constructions that involve memoization, recursion, and numbering.

The documentation can be viewed online.

It can also be viewed locally (on your own machine) as follows: 

opam update
opam install fix.20211231
opam install odig
odig odoc                 # this may take some time
odig doc fix              # this opens the doc in your browser

Happy fix'in' in 2022!

pp-binary-ints 0.1.1

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-pp-binary-ints-0-1-1/9080/1

Ifaz Kabir announced

Tired of printing octals and hexadecimals and then mentally converting them= to bits. Ever wanted to just see the bits in an int? Now you can!

Just run opam install pp-binary-ints and off you go: 

# Pp_binary_in=
ts.Int.to_string 0b10101001;;
- : string =3D "10101001"

You can find the documentation for the project and more examples of how to = use it here.

The library is very customizable.

  • You can choose to print with 0b prefixes and _ separators.
  • You can choose to print zeros just like the non-zeros, with prefixes an= d separators.
  • If you use zero padding, you can control how many leading zeros show up= with the ~min_width argument.
  • It correctly handles the edge cases when adding _ separato= rs: you won=E2=80=99t get leading underscores.
  • It includes pretty printers that work with Format and Fmt , not just to_string functions.
  • Supports int, int32, int64, and = nativeint.
  • Don't like the default prefixes and suffixes? Customize the prefixes an= d suffixes with the provided functor.

Old CWN

If you happen to miss a CWN, you can send me a message and I'll mail it to you, or go take a loo= k at the archive or the <= a href=3D"https://alan.petitepomme.net/cwn/cwn.rss">RSS feed of the archive= s.

If you also wish to receive it every week by mail, you may subscribe online.

--=-=-=--