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<87zh9cd4oa.fsf@m4x.org> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="=-=-=" X-AV-Checked: ClamAV using ClamSMTP at svoboda.polytechnique.org (Tue Jun 9 10:28:16 2020 +0200 (CEST)) X-Spam-Flag: No, tests=bogofilter, spamicity=0.002337, queueID=09ED75648D5 X-Org-Mail: alan.schmitt.1995@polytechnique.org Subject: [Caml-list] Attn: Development Editor, Latest OCaml Weekly News Reply-To: Alan Schmitt X-Loop: caml-list@inria.fr X-Sequence: 18163 Errors-To: caml-list-owner@inria.fr Precedence: list Precedence: bulk Sender: caml-list-request@inria.fr X-no-archive: yes List-Id: List-Help: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: List-Post: List-Owner: List-Archive: Archived-At: --=-=-= Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 SGVsbG8NCg0KSGVyZSBpcyB0aGUgbGF0ZXN0IE9DYW1sIFdlZWtseSBOZXdzLCBmb3IgdGhlIHdl ZWsgb2YgSnVuZSAwMiB0byAwOSwNCjIwMjAuDQoNClRhYmxlIG9mIENvbnRlbnRzDQrilIDilIDi 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OCaml Weekly News

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Hello

Here is the latest OCaml Weekly News, for the week of June 02 to 09, 2020.

Multicore Update: April 2020, with a = preprint paper

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/multicore-updat= e-april-2020-with-a-preprint-paper/5630/26

Continuing this thread, Daniel B=C3=BCnzli asked and = KC Sivaramakrishnan replied

One thing that I didn=E2=80=99t get from the paper is how exactly Co= ncurMinor breaks the current FFI and the impact it would have on the existing eco-system, on a scale from =E2=80=9Cit affect a= ll projects=E2=80=9D to =E2=80=9Conly people doing that fancy thing=E2=80=9D :=E2=80=93) ?

All the projects that use the C API. The details are here: https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/ocaml-multicore/wiki/C-API-change= s

At the end of the paper it seems you make the point that ParMinor is the solution to go with for the time being. Does this means you are going to leave behind the work done on ConcurMinor or do you intend to continue to maintain it ?

We don't intend to maintain it. It is quite a bit of work to maintain and p= ort the changes across two different GCs. ParMinor GC is now at 4.11 branch point (the default multicore= compiler is 4.10 + ParMinor now). The ConcMinor is at 4.06.1.

Given that ConcMinor breaks the C API, the ecosystem would hav= e to be fixed for ConcMinor to be useful. The code changes are indeed intricate; the differences are not just in the minor GC,= but the compilers internal use of the C API. It will be quite a bit of work to keep both GCs in the same source dis= tribution.

Guillaume Munch-Maccagnoni then said

Given that ConcMinor breaks the C API, the ecosystem would hav= e to be fixed for ConcMinor to be useful.

I do not think this is necessarily true.

Here is why I think so, but be warned that this is preliminary as I do not = have time to explore this idea further on my own at the moment.

State in Rust

Breaking the C API is a consequence of deciding that all single-threaded sh= ared mutable state must assume they are also shared between threads. So a new read barrier is used to promote value= s when read from another thread. But for data types that were correct up to now, users must also be careful to avoid= races from now on… for instance by avoiding sharing values of such types between domains.

One lesson of Rust is that there are different kinds of mutable state, for = different usages, with different means to achieve thread-safety.

The closest there is to current OCaml's mutable is the notion = of single-threaded multiple-writers mutable state (Cell). It is made thread-saf= e in Rust by statically preventing values containing Cell from= crossing thread boundaries (by virtue of not having the Sen= d trait). The same restriction is used to make some data stru= ctures more efficient by avoiding the cost of synchronisation (cf. the reference-c= ounting pointer Rc vs. the atomic reference-counting pointer Arc).

This is not enough by itself, and Rust offers other kinds of state for comm= unicating and sharing values between threads.

UnsafeCell like Ocaml multico= re's mutable (though yours is safe thanks to the work on the m= emory model): it has almost no restriction and can be sent across domains, but the user is likew= ise told to =E2=80=9Cavoid data races=E2=80=9D. It is rarely used alone, but together with type abstraction it can be used to pro= gram safe concurrent data structures.

Lastly, the default notion of state in Rust is linear state, which can be s= ent freely across threads. Thread-safety is ensured by restricting aliasing using the ownership and borrowing discip= line.

A backwards-compatible concurrent collector?

If I had to imagine a backwards-compatible OCaml with static control of int= erference =C3=A0 la Rust based on ConcMinor, it would distinguish the three kinds of state (concretely with other keywor= ds in addition to mutable). mutable would keep its current meaning of single-domain, multiple-writers state and= not require a read barrier, and in particular preserve the API. (I count systhreads as single-threaded for thi= s purpose, since here it means "sharing the same minor heap".)

Programs could progressively transition to other kinds of state when parall= elising the program. Concretely, a data structure like Stack.t, instead of becoming racy, would keep i= ts current meaning, but users could replace it with a linear stack or a concurrent stack, two data structures distinct from the f= irst one, when parallelizing their programs.

So how could this fit with the current plans? It is not entirely clear to m= e. If people start to rely on parallelism in an unstructured way (e.g. no clear distinction between different kinds o= f data types arising from different ways of ensuring thread-safety) then one will also lose the ability to retrofit = ConcMinor in a backwards-compatible manner (by losing the information that the current mutable API= is single-threaded). The API breakage of ConcMinor which might only be virtual right now (if I trust this preliminary, not ful= ly-explored idea) will become real. (Further difficulties arise with the emulation of the Thread l= ibrary with domains, but this could be changed later.)

But if users are provided in advance with a general direction for a model o= f control of interference this might happen differently. And eventually having such a model is desirable in any = case, as it helps parallelizing programs (for instance the Firefox people reported that they had attempted and faile= d twice to parallelise the CSS engine in C++ before succeeding with Rust). Furthermore, in an imaginary retrofitting= of ConcMinor, one could imagine enforcing something like the Send trait at the level of the re= ad barrier until there is a better way (there would be two kinds of barriers, one of which would raise an exception if a state = happened to be incorrectly shared across domains, and not be required in the FFI).

I find ConcMinor interesting from a systems programming perspe= ctive compared to the stop-the-world collector because it could (I hope) offer possibilities such as having a low-latency = domain communicating with a higher-latency domain. Moreover the performance cost of the read barrier might be lower in= this scheme if it could be removed for all but the concurrent data structures.

BAP 2.1.0 Release

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-bap-2-1-0-release/5906/1

Ivan Gotovchits announced

The Carnegie Mellon University Binary Analysis Platform (CMU BAP) is a suite of utilitie= s and libraries that enables analysis of programs that are represented as machine code (aka bina= ries). CMU BAP is written in OCaml and uses plugin-based architecture to enable extensibility. We also have a doma= in-specific language, called Primus Lisp, that we use to write analysis, specify verification conditions, interact wi= th the built-in SMT solver, and model the semantics of machine instructions and functions.

The 2.1.0 Release is very rich in new features but the most prominen= t addition is the new symbolic executor mode for the Primus framework. We also significantly updated the Primus fra= mework, integrated it with our new Knowledge Base, which was introduced in the BAP 2.0 release; we made our in= terpreter much faster; we added the systems and components facilities, inspired by Common Lisp; and we implemen= ted a gradual type checker for Primus Lisp with type inference. We also added an ability to represent machine instruct= ions as intrinsic functions so now it is possible to express their semantics using Primus Lisp since we added IEEE75= 4 primitives to the Lisp interpreter.

As usual, we upgraded BAP to the newer versions of the Core library and OCa= ml (we now support OCaml versions from 4.07 to 4.09). We also significantly improved our build times and added an = optional omake backend, which we are using in-house.

>>From the user perspective, one of the key features of BAP as an analysis pl= atform is that you can run BAP on binaries that you can't run otherwise, either because they need special hardware or = software, or need to interact with the outside world. In the past couple of months, we have run BAP on various fir= mware and found numerous zero-day vulnerabilities, particular, we were able to find critical vulnerabilities = in the VxWorks operating system that runs on, potentially, billions of devices including mission-critical and militar= y appliances.

As always, questions, suggestions, and opinions are very welcome!

Migrating an Async project to Lwt, a = short primer

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/migrating-an-asyn= c-project-to-lwt-a-short-primer/5908/1

Michael Bacarella announced

Consider this a post where I think aloud about my experience migrating an A= sync project to Lwt. I've spent about a weekend doing such a thing, and if, in the process of talking about it here= I can save a few people an hour or two (or perhaps inspire confidence to take such a project on in the first place= ) then it will have been worthwhile.

This wouldn't be a complete post if I didn't also mention @dkim's translation of Real World OCaml's Asyn= c examples to Lwt

This was born out of a previous effort where I tried to mix Lwt an= d Async in the same project. This didn't go so well, so I tried converting the whole thing to Lwt, and it turns out adapting to Lwt i= f you're an Async person is actually much easier than I thought it would be.

Basics

Both libraries involve promises/futures. Async calls its promises Deferred.t, whereas in Lwt they're called Lwt.t.

In Async you start your program by saying never_returns (Scheduler.go= ()) or Command.async_spec after you set up your initial Deferred.t.

In Lwt you say Lwt_main.run on a top-level Lwt.t = argument. Note you can re-run Lwt_main.run in a single program as many times as you w= ant, but perhaps you shouldn't run multiple Lwt_main.run in parallel.

There's an easy correspondence between basic operators.

Async Lwt
Deferred.bind Lwt.bind
Deferred.return Lwt.return
>>=3D >>=3D
Deferred.map Lwt.map
>>| >|=3D
Deferred.don't_wait_for Lwt.async
In_thread.run Lwt_preemptive.detach

Starvation worries

The most important difference between Async and Lwt is that fulfilled pr= omises are acted on immediately, whereas Async kinda punts them to the end of a work queue and runs their thunks lat= er.

A return loop like this starves the rest of Lwt: 

open Lwt.Infix

let main () =3D
  let rec loop () =3D
    Lwt.return ()
    >>=3D fun () ->
    loop ()
  in
  Lwt.async (loop ());
  Lwt_io.printlf "this line never prints!"
;;

let () =3D Lwt_main.run main ;;

whereas the corresponding Async loop does not starve: 

open! Async

let main () =3D
  let rec loop () =3D
    Deferred.return ()
    >>=3D fun () ->
    loop ()
  in
  don't_wait_for (loop ());
  printf "this line does print!\n";
  return ()
;;

let () =3D
  let cmd =3D Command=
.async_spec ~summary:"" Command.S=
pec.empty main in=

  Command.run cmd
;;

Fortunately there's a workaround. You can get something closer to the Async= -style behavior in Lwt by using Lwt.yield () instead of = Lwt.return ().

Spawning threads

>>From time to time you may need to run something in a system thread. In As= ync you say In_thread.run, whereas in Lwt you say Lwt_preemptive.detach. For simple things they're = pretty much interchangeable, but one stumbling point for me was that in Async you can create a named thread and always use that = for the In_thread.run, with multiple simultaneous dispatches to that thread becoming sequenced.

This is really useful for interacting with libraries that aren't so thread = friendly.

Lwt's detach doesn't provide an easy way to do this out of the box, but I t= hink you can still deal with thread unfriendly libraries by using the Lwt_preemptive.run_in_main c= all.

Basically, never exit the detach thread you started to interact with your l= ibrary, and instead have it block on promise that gets filled through run_in_main. In this way you can sequence= your detached Lwt thread similarly to Async.

Happy to explain further if this is unclear.

Other libraries

Async.Unix has a somewhat built-up conception of the UNIX API,= whereas Lwt_main is more a direct mapping of ocaml's Unix= module to promises.

Async Clock.every and Clock.after don't have exac= t analogs, but you can make new versions pretty simply.

Example of a shallow imitation of Async Clock.every 

let every span f =3D
  Lwt.async (fun () ->
    let span =3D Time=
.Span.to_sec span in
    let rec loop () =3D
      f ();
      Lwt_unix.sleep span
      >>=3D fun () ->
      loop ()
    in
    loop ())
;;

Open questions

I haven't sorted out a good Lwt substitute that's as comfortable as Async P= ipe yet. Though some combination of Lwt_stream, Lwt_sequence and lwt-pipe might fit the bill. If= you just happen to know already feel free to cluephone.

Closing remarks

This is basically everything? I'm almost suspicious that I'm not having mo= re problems, but will happily accept grace when it arises.

Rapha=C3=ABl Proust then said

I haven=E2=80=99t sorted out a good Lwt substitute that=E2=80=99s as comfor= table as Async Pipe yet. Though some combination of Lwt_stream, Lwt_sequence and lwt-pipe might fit the bill. If y= ou just happen to know already feel free to cluephone.

The Tezos project has a pipe-like module: https://gitlab.com/tezo= s/tezos/-/blob/master/src/lib_stdlib/lwt_pipe.mli It hasn't been released as a standalone library (yet) but it is released as= part of the tezos-stdlib package.

I haven't used Async's pipe, so I don't know how close of a match it is.

jose 0.4.0

Archive: http= s://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-jose-0-4-0/5909/1

Ulrik Strid announced

A new release of JOSE has been published to opam

The following changes has been made

  • RFC7638: Implement thumbprints @undu
  • Make kid optional in the header and jwk to align better with the spec, = this is a breaking change

I have started dog fooding the library for a OpenID Connect client which ho= pefully will help with the design going forward.

OCaml 4.11.0, second alpha release

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ocaml-4-11-0-second-alpha-releas= e/5910/1

octachron announced

A new alpha version of OCaml 4.11.0 has been published. Compared to the first alpha version, this version contains the following ne= w bug fixes:

  • additional fixes 6673, 11= 32, +9617: R= elax the handling of explicit polymorphic types (Leo White, review by Jacqu= es Garrigue and Gabriel Scherer)
  • additional fixes 7364, 21= 88, +9592, <= a href=3D"https://github.com/ocaml/ocaml/issues/9609">+9609: improvemen= t of the unboxability check for types with a single constructor. Mutually-r= ecursive type declarations can now contain unboxed types. This is based on = the paper https://arxiv.org/ab= s/1811.02300
  • 7817, 9546: Unsound inclusio= n check for polymorphic variant (Jacques Garrigue, report by Mikhail Mandry= kin, review by Gabriel Scherer)
  • 9549, 9557: Make -flarge-toc= the default for PowerPC and introduce -fsmall-toc to enable the previous b= ehaviour. (David Allsopp, report by Nathaniel Wesley Filardo, review by Xav= ier Leroy)
  • 9320, 9550: under Windows, m= ake sure that the Unix.exec* functions properly quote their argument lists.= (Xavier Leroy, report by Andr=C3=A9 Maroneze, review by Nicol=C3=A1s Ojeda= B=C3=A4r and David Allsopp)
  • 9490, 9505: ensure proper ro= unding of file times returned by Unix.stat, Unix.lstat, Unix.fstat. (Xavier= Leroy and Guillaume Melquiond, report by David Brown, review by Gabriel Sc= herer and David Allsopp)
  • 8676, 9594: turn debugger of= f in programs launched by the program being debugged (Xavier Leroy, report = by Michael Soegtrop, review by Gabriel Scherer)
  • 9552: restor= e ocamloptp build and installation (Florian Angeletti, review by David Alls= opp and Xavier Leroy)
  • 7708, 9580: Ensure Stdlib do= cumentation index refers to Stdlib. (Stephen Dolan, review by Florian Angel= etti, report by Hannes Mehnert)
  • 9189, 9281: fix a conflict w= ith Gentoo build system by removing an one-letter Makefile variable. (Flori= an Angeletti, report by Ralph Seichter, review by David Allsopp and Damien = Doligez)

The compiler can be installed as an OPAM switch with one of the following c= ommands 

opam switch create ocaml-variants.4.11.0+alpha=
2 --repositories=3Ddefault,beta=3Dgi=
t+https://github.com/ocaml/ocaml-beta-repository.git

or 

opam switch create ocaml-variants.4.11.0+alpha=
2+<VARIANT> --repositories=3Ddefault,=
beta=3Dgit+https://github.com/ocaml/ocaml-beta-repository.git

where <VARIANT> is replaced with one of these: afl, flambda, fp, fp+f= lambda

The source code for the alpha is also available at these addresses:

If you find any bugs, please report them here: https://github.com/ocaml= /ocaml/issues

OCaml Workshop 2020: Call for Volunte= ers

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ocaml-workshop-2020-call-f= or-volunteers/5913/1

Ivan Gotovchits announced

The OCaml Workshop will be held in the virtual format this year, which pose= s new challenges and requires people with special talents and training. The Organizing Committee is seeking for membe= rs who will volunteer to fill one (or more) of the following roles:

  1. AV Editor
  2. Session Host
  3. Transcribers/Interpreter
  4. Content Manager
  5. Accessibility Chair

The roles are described in details below. We are asking prospective Organiz= ing Committee members to contact the Organizing Committee chair ([ivg@ieee.org](= mailto:ivg@ieee.org)), indicating which role(s) they are ready to take.

AV Editor

AV (Audio/Video) editors are responsible for previewing the presentations a= nd providing help and feedback to the authors. Ideally we target for one editor per talk.

  • Duties
    • Preview and (if necessary) post-process or (ask the author to shoot aga= in) the pre-recorded videos.
    • Advise authors and help in choice of software and hardware, teach how t= o set up the camera, light, make sure that the audio is of good quality and= , in general, channel our quality guidelines.
    • Ensure that all videos are of the same quality, the audio levels are th= e same, and that everything is loud and clear.

Session Hosts

Session hosts will assist session chairs in streaming the pre-recorded vide= os as well as helping and moderating the Q&A sessions and the panel session. They will also be responsible for s= ecurity and be ready to react to potential threats and wrongdoers. Since we will broadcast sessions in several time zo= nes we need several hosts for each session.

  • Duties
    • Moderating the text chats
    • Controlling microphones in the video-conferencing
    • Watching for the time
    • Performing sound checks
    • Welcoming and otherwise guiding participants

Transcribers / Interpreters

We would like to have at least English transcriptions for each talk and tra= nslations to other languages are very welcome. Transcriptions enable accessibility as well as potentially increas= e the audience and publicity as they could be indexed by the search engines.

  • Duties
    • Create transcriptions for videos, potentially in other languages.

Content Manager

The content manager will be responsible for maintaining the web presence of= the conference on https://ocaml.org/. We plan to have all videos available, as well as maintain a page for each subm= itted work.

Accessibility Chair

We are striving to make the conference accessible to everyone and we are lo= oking for volunteers who have experience in online accessibility.

  • Duties
    • Helping with the selection of accessible platforms and tools.
    • Working with attendees to ensure the necessary access services are incl= uded.
    • Establishing best practices for preparing and running accessible sessio= ns.

Introduction to Lwt

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/introduction-to-lwt/5940/1

Rapha=C3=ABl Proust announced

I've published https://raphael-proust.github.io/code/lwt-part-1.html, a 2-part i= ntroduction to Lwt.

The main aim of the introduction is to give a good mental model of what pro= mises are, how they behave and how to use them. It assumes basic familiarity with OCaml.

Don't hesitate to ask questions or share feedback.

Other OCaml News

From the ocamlcore planet blog

Here are links from many OCaml blogs aggregated at OCaml Planet.

Old CWN

If you happen to miss a CWN, you can send me a message and I'll mail it to you, or go take a loo= k at the archive or the RSS feed of the archives<= /a>.

If you also wish to receive it every week by mail, you may subscribe online.

Alan Schmitt

--=-=-=--