From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Return-Path: X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: * X-Spam-Status: No, score=1.7 required=5.0 tests=HEADER_FROM_DIFFERENT_DOMAINS, LOTS_OF_MONEY,MAILING_LIST_MULTI,MONEY_NOHTML,T_SCC_BODY_TEXT_LINE autolearn=no autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (minnie.tuhs.org [IPv6:2600:3c01:e000:146::1]) by inbox.vuxu.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 66DAC25F1E for ; Sun, 10 Mar 2024 11:06:08 +0100 (CET) Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 02337432B3; Sun, 10 Mar 2024 20:06:07 +1000 (AEST) Received: from lists.tip.net.au (pasta.tip.net.au [IPv6:2401:fc00:0:129::2]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 97F8943290 for ; Sun, 10 Mar 2024 20:05:51 +1000 (AEST) Received: from smtpclient.apple (ppp121-45-199-199.cbr-trn-nor-bras38.tpg.internode.on.net [121.45.199.199]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by mailhost.tip.net.au (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 4TswXC1TKQz9R54; Sun, 10 Mar 2024 21:05:45 +1100 (AEDT) Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Mime-Version: 1.0 (Mac OS X Mail 16.0 \(3774.300.61.1.2\)) From: steve jenkin In-Reply-To: Date: Sun, 10 Mar 2024 21:05:32 +1100 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message-Id: References: <606871377.2352922.1709955781555@mail.yahoo.com> <84A5C4DC-E9E7-46F7-AA6C-AADD64ACD305@icloud.com> To: Clem Cole X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.3774.300.61.1.2) Message-ID-Hash: BOXZGI33QOFVY65CIEHRXLKRDQQ43HJ2 X-Message-ID-Hash: BOXZGI33QOFVY65CIEHRXLKRDQQ43HJ2 X-MailFrom: sjenkin@canb.auug.org.au X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: Greg Skinner via Internet-history , Computer Old Farts Followers X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [COFF] Re: [ih] Fwd: Some Berkeley Unix history - too many PHDs per packet List-Id: Computer Old Farts Forum Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: > On 10 Mar 2024, at 06:52, Clem Cole wrote: >=20 > That said, a different license for UNIX-based IP could be granted by = the Regents of the University of CA and managed by its 'Industrial = Laison's Office" at UCB (the 'IOL' - the same folks that brought = licenses for tools like SPICE, SPLICE, MOTIS, et al). This license gave = the holder the right to examine and use the UCB's derivative works on = anything as long as you acknowledged that you got that from UCB and held = the Regents blameless [we often called this the 'dead-fish license' -- = you could make a chip, make a computer, or even wrap dead-fish in it. = But you had to say you started with something from the Regents, but they = were not to be blamed for what you did with it]. >=20 > >=20 > Before I go on, in those times, the standard way we operated was that = you needed to have a copy of someone else's signature page to share = things. In what would later become USENIX (truth here - I'm an = ex-president of the same), you could only get invited and come to a = conference if you were licensed from AT&T. That was not a big deal. We = all knew each other. FWIW: at different times in my career, I have = had a hanging file in a cabinet with a copy of the number of these pages = from different folks, with whom I would share mag tapes (remember this = is pre-Internet, and many of the folks using UNIX were not part of the = ARPAnet). >=20 > However, the song has other verses that make this a little confusing. > >=20 > So the question is, how did a DoD contractor, be it BBN, Ford = Aerospace, SRI, etc., originally get access to UNIX IP? Universities and = traditional research teams could get a research license. Commercial = firms like DEC needed a commercial licensee. Folks with DoD contracts = were in a hazy area. The original v5 commercial licensee was written = for Rand, a DoD contractor. However, as discussed here in the IH = mailing list and elsewhere, some places like BBN had access to the core = UNIX IP as part of their DoD contracts. I believe Ford Aerospace was = working with AT&T together as part of another US Gov project - which is = how UNIX got there originally (Ford Aero could use it for that project, = but not the folks at Ford Motors, for instance]. =20 In the last while I=E2=80=99ve read about DARPA=E2=80=99s IPTO = (Information Processing Technology Office) 1962-1986 and how they (generously) funded a very diverse range of projects for = extended durations. Alan Kay comments that $1M was small beer to DARPA, who were investing = billions in R&D every year. It was a boom time for US computing research - funders with vision, deep = pockets and patience :) I can=E2=80=99t find my source now, nor any list of IPTO=E2=80=99s = contracts given to UCB ( or given to anyone ). UCB - Berkeley - got many contracts, time-sharing / SDS-940, Ingres, = TCP/IP in the Unix kernel and RISC processing. There was an IPTO director - Bob Taylor or Robert Kahn - that wanted a = common development platform with IP plus development tools, who gave contracts to UCB=E2=80=99s CSRG to do the work. This story implies DARPA helped arrange Unix licences with the many = defence contractors, albeit they only need binaries for BSD. If the Internet Society=E2=80=99s =E2=80=98brief history=E2=80=99 is to = be believed, Defence declared Unix a =E2=80=99standard=E2=80=99 (for = which work?) in 1980. =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D DARPA=E2=80=99s short bio of IPTO. Doesn=E2=80=99t mention name change = in 1986 to Information Processing Technology Office (not = =E2=80=99Techniques=E2=80=99) Information Processing Techniques Office DARPA=E2=80=99s Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) was born = in 1962 and for nearly 50 years was responsible for DARPA=E2=80=99s = information technology programs.=20 =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D 850K PDF, selected IPTO pages from DARPA report, includes charts of = projects and total budget - barely legible = DARPA technical accomplishments volume 3=20 an historical review of selected darpa projects 1991 =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D = One of the more interesting challenges was the transition of the ARPANET = host protocol from NCP to TCP/IP as of January 1, 1983.=20 This was a =E2=80=9Cflag-day=E2=80=9D style transition, requiring all = hosts to convert simultaneously or be left having to communicate via = rather ad-hoc mechanisms.=20 This transition was carefully planned within the community over several = years before it actually took place and went surprisingly smoothly (but = resulted in a distribution of buttons saying =E2=80=9CI survived the = TCP/IP transition=E2=80=9D). TCP/IP was adopted as a defense standard three years earlier in 1980.=20 This enabled defense to begin sharing in the DARPA Internet technology = base and led directly to the eventual partitioning of the military and = non- military communities.=20 By 1983, ARPANET was being used by a significant number of defense R&D = and operational organizations. The transition of ARPANET from NCP to = TCP/IP permitted it to be split into a MILNET supporting operational = requirements and an ARPANET supporting research needs. =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D In this 1988 oral history interview with Bob Khan, he talks about giving = contracts to Bill Joy / USB=E2=80=99s CSRC to port Unix to the VAX = 11/780 and BBN=E2=80=99s TCP/IP into BSD. Although a DEC package deal for VAX 11/750=E2=80=99s for Universities = was mentioned (5 for $180k), there=E2=80=99s no mention of licensing = (easy for Research, not for Defence contractors) page 42 = =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D Although ARPA has no definitive timeline or list of accomplishments for = the IPTO, it references others work. What Will Be (HarperCollins, 1997), author Michael Dertouzos credits = DARPA with=20 =E2=80=9C=E2=80=A6 between a third and a half of all the major = innovations in computer science and technology.=E2=80=9D =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D PDF of 2003 article from IEEE Annals of the History of Computing J.C.R. Licklider=E2=80=99s Vision for the IPTO = Chigusa Ishikawa Kita, Kyoto University The Information Processing Techniques Office of the Advanced Research = Projects Agency was founded in 1962=20 as a step toward realizing a flexible military command and control = system.=20 In setting the IPTO=E2=80=99s research agenda for funding, its first = director, J.C.R. Licklider, emphasized the development of time-sharing = systems.=20 This article looks at how Licklider=E2=80=99s early vision of =E2=80=9Ca = network of thinking centers=E2=80=9D=20 helped set the stage for the IPTO=E2=80=99s most famous project: the = Arpanet. =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D A partial list of DARPA Information processing projects. Omits the VLSI = & RISC work. Norberg is a co-author of the 1996 book, "Transforming Computer = Technology. Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962-1986=E2=80=9D DARPA's IPTO had Formidable Reputation Arthur L. Norberg, May 1997 =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D DARPA in the 1980s =E2=80=93 Transformative Technology Development and = Transition [ PDF, pg 15 ] Parallel to DARPA=E2=80=99s transformational military programs in the = 1970s and 1980s=20 were programs revolutionizing information technology, building on = Licklider=E2=80=99s vision of =E2=80=9Cman-computer symbiosis.=E2=80=9D=20= DARPA=E2=80=99s research was foundational to computer science.=20 ARPANET was one element of a much broader, increasingly coherent program = based on the technological future that Licklider imagined.=20 He and his IPTO colleagues conceived a multi-pronged development of the = technologies underlying the transformation of information processing=20 from clunky, room- filling, inaccessible mainframe machines=20 to a ubiquitous network of interactive and personal computing = capabilities.=10 This transformation continues today in DARPA=E2=80=99s pursuit of = artificial intelligence, cognitive (brain-like) computing, and robotics. =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D DARPA and the Internet Revolution By Mitch Waldrop=20 [ also author of =E2=80=99The Dream Machine=E2=80=99 on = Licklider=E2=80=99s career ] = =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D Another partial list = from: = DARPA/IPTO and the Computing Revolution=20 DARPA is credited with =E2=80=9Cbetween a third and a half of all the = major innovations in computer science and technology=E2=80=9D =E2=80=93 = Michael Dertouzos, What Will Be (1997)=20 The information technology revolution of the second half of the 20th = century was largely driven by DARPA/IPTO (1962-1986)=20 * Time-sharing=20 * Interactive computing, personal computing=20 * ARPANET=20 * ILLIAC IV=20 * The Internet=20 J.C.R. Licklider (first IPTO Director) had the goal of human-computer = symbiosis We now have the opportunity to go back to the future (forward = to the past?) =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D -- Steve Jenkin, IT Systems and Design=20 0412 786 915 (+61 412 786 915) PO Box 38, Kippax ACT 2615, AUSTRALIA mailto:sjenkin@canb.auug.org.au http://members.tip.net.au/~sjenkin