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Date: Fri, 15 Nov 2019 13:56:16 +0100
From: rgl@antares-labs.eu
To: 9front@9front.org
Subject: man: new section 9
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hi!

i'm sending the first two patches, corresponding to the files i've
checked and corrected from forsyth's set.

i'll submit them as i finish them, so i can get more eyes to spot
errors asap.

credit should go to forsyth.  the first file (0intro) is all his and
the second (allocb) also mostly so.  i corrected the Block struct and
added BALLOC, blockalloclen and readblist, in addition to finding out
that most of these functions are actually at /sys/src/9/port/qio.c .


-rodri

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diff -r 159c7e7ca171 sys/man/9/0intro
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/sys/man/9/0intro	Fri Nov 15 13:26:08 2019 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+.TH INTRO 9
+.SH NAME
+intro \- introduction to kernel functions
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+This section of the manual
+describes the functions publicly available to the authors of
+kernel code, particularly device drivers (real and virtual).
+This section will eventually be much expanded, but this makes a start.
+.PP
+The
+.SM SYNOPSIS
+subsections do not show the header files needed for
+the standard kernel declarations.
+The primary combinations summarised below:
+.IP
+.RS
+.ta \w'\fL#include 'u
+.nf
+.B
+#include	"u.h"
+.B
+#include	"../port/lib.h"
+.B
+#include	"mem.h"
+.B
+#include	"dat.h"
+.B
+#include	"fns.h"
+.B
+#include	"../port/error.h"
+.PP
+.I "furthermore, added in IP code:"
+.br
+.B
+#include "../ip/ip.h"
+.PP
+.I "furthermore, in hardware device drivers:"
+.br
+.B
+#include "io.h"
+.br
+.B
+#include "ureg.h"
+.PP
+.I "furthermore, in network interfaces or ether drivers:"
+.B
+#include "../port/netif.h"
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+There might also be specific include files needed by
+drivers on particular platforms or to use specialised kernel interfaces.
+The easiest method is to check the source of likely-looking drivers nearby.
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diff -r 159c7e7ca171 sys/man/9/allocb
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/sys/man/9/allocb	Fri Nov 15 13:26:24 2019 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+.TH ALLOCB 9
+.SH NAME
+allocb, iallocb, freeb, freeblist, BLEN, BALLOC, blocklen, blockalloclen, readblist, concatblock, copyblock, trimblock, packblock, padblock, pullblock, pullupblock, adjustblock, checkb \- data block management
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.ta \w'\fLBlock* 'u
+.B
+Block*	allocb(int size)
+.PP
+.B
+Block*	iallocb(int size)
+.PP
+.B
+void	freeb(Block *b)
+.PP
+.B
+void	freeblist(Block *b)
+.PP
+.B
+int	blocklen(Block *b)
+.PP
+.B
+int	blockalloclen(Block *b)
+.PP
+.B
+long	readblist(Block *b, uchar *p, long n, ulong offset)
+.PP
+.B
+Block*	concatblock(Block *b)
+.PP
+.B
+Block*	copyblock(Block *b, int n)
+.PP
+.B
+Block*	trimblock(Block *b, int offset, int n)
+.PP
+.B
+Block*	packblock(Block *b)
+.PP
+.B
+Block*	padblock(Block *b, int n)
+.PP
+.B
+int	pullblock(Block **bph, int n)
+.PP
+.B
+Block*	pullupblock(Block *b, int n)
+.PP
+.B
+Block*	adjustblock(Block *b, int n)
+.PP
+.B
+void	checkb(Block *b, char *msg)
+.sp 0.1
+.PP
+.B
+#define BLEN(s)	((s)->wp - (s)->rp)
+.PP
+.B
+#define BALLOC(s) ((s)->lim - (s)->base)
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+A
+.B Block
+provides a receptacle for data:
+.IP
+.EX
+.DT
+typedef
+struct Block
+{
+	Block*	next;
+	Block*	list;
+	uchar*	rp;		/* first unconsumed byte */
+	uchar*	wp;		/* first empty byte */
+	uchar*	lim;		/* 1 past the end of the buffer */
+	uchar*	base;	/* start of the buffer */
+	void	(*free)(Block*);
+	ushort	flag;
+	ushort	checksum;	/* IP checksum of complete packet */
+} Block;
+.EE
+.PP
+Each
+.B Block
+has an associated buffer, located at
+.BR base ,
+and accessed via
+.B wp
+when filling the buffer, or
+.B rp
+when fetching data from it.
+Each pointer should be incremented to reflect the amount of data written or read.
+A
+.B Block
+is empty when
+.B rp
+reaches
+.BR wp .
+The pointer
+.B lim
+bounds the allocated space.
+Some operations described below accept lists of
+.BR Block s,
+which are
+chained via their
+.B next
+pointers, with a null pointer ending the list.
+.B Blocks
+are usually intended for a
+.B Queue
+(see
+.IR qio (9)),
+but can be used independently.
+.PP
+A
+.B Block
+and its buffer are normally allocated by one call to
+.IR malloc (9)
+and aligned on an 8 byte (\fLBY2V\fP) boundary.
+Some devices with particular allocation constraints
+(eg, requiring certain addresses for DMA) might allocate their own
+.B Block
+and buffer;
+.B free
+must then point to a function that can deallocate the specially allocated
+.BR Block .
+.PP
+Many
+.B Block
+operations cannot be used in interrupt handlers
+because they either
+.IR sleep (9)
+or raise an
+.IR error (9).
+Of operations that allocate blocks, only
+.IR iallocb
+is usable.
+.PP
+.I Allocb
+allocates a
+.B Block
+of at least
+.IR size
+bytes.
+The block
+is initially empty:
+.B rp
+and
+.B wp
+point to the start of the data.
+If it cannot allocate memory,
+.I allocb
+raises an
+.IR error (9);
+it cannot be used by an interrupt handler.
+.PP
+.IR Iallocb
+is similar to
+.IR allocb
+but is intended for use by interrupt handlers,
+and returns a null pointer if no memory is available.
+It also limits its allocation to a quota allocated at system initialisation to interrupt-time buffering.
+.PP
+.I Freeb
+frees a single
+.B Block
+(and its buffer).
+.PP
+.I Freeblist
+frees the whole
+list of blocks headed by
+.IR b .
+.PP
+.I BLEN
+returns the number of unread bytes in a single block.
+.PP
+.I BALLOC
+returns the number of allocated bytes in a single block.
+.PP
+.I Blocklen
+returns the number of bytes of unread data in the whole list of blocks headed by
+.IR b .
+.PP
+.I Blockalloclen
+returns the number of total bytes allocated in the whole list of blocks headed by
+.IR b .
+.PP
+.I Readblist
+copies
+.I n
+bytes of data at offset
+.I offset
+from the list of blocks headed by
+.I b
+into
+.IR p ,
+then returns the amount of bytes copied. It leaves the block list intact.
+.PP
+.I Concatblock
+returns
+.I b
+if it is not a list, and otherwise
+returns a single
+.B Block
+containing all the data in the list of blocks
+.IR b ,
+which it frees.
+.PP
+.I Copyblock
+by contrast returns a single
+.B Block
+containing a copy of the first
+.I n
+bytes of data in the block list
+.IR b ,
+padding with zeroes if the list contained less than
+.I n
+bytes.
+The list
+.I b
+is unchanged.
+.PP
+.I Padblock
+can pad a single
+.B Block
+at either end, to reserve space for protocol headers or trailers.
+If
+.IR n ≥ 0 ,
+it inserts
+.I n
+bytes at the start of the block,
+setting the read pointer
+.B rp
+to point to the new space.
+If
+.IR n < 0 ,
+it adds
+.I n
+bytes at the end of the block,
+leaving the write pointer
+.B wp
+pointing at the new space.
+In both cases, it allocates a new
+.B Block
+if necessary, freeing the old, and
+it always returns a pointer to the resulting
+.BR Block .
+.PP
+.I Trimblock
+trims the list
+.I b
+to contain no more than
+.I n
+bytes starting at
+.I offset
+bytes into the data of the original list.
+It returns a new list, freeing unneeded parts of the old.
+If no data remains, it returns a null pointer.
+.PP
+.I Packblock
+examines each
+.B Block
+in the list
+.IR b ,
+reallocating any block in the list that has four times more available space than actual data.
+It returns a pointer to the revised list.
+.PP
+.I Pullblock
+discards up to
+.I n
+bytes from the start of the list headed by
+.BI * bph \f1.\f0
+Unneeded blocks are freed.
+.I Pullblock
+sets
+.BI * bph
+to point to the new list head
+and returns the number of bytes discarded (which might be less than
+.IR n ).
+It is used by transport protocols to discard ack'd data at
+the head of a retransmission queue.
+.PP
+.I Pullupblock
+rearranges the data in the list of blocks
+.I b
+to ensure that there are at least
+.I n
+bytes of contiguous data in the first block,
+and returns a pointer to the new list head.
+It frees any blocks that it empties.
+It returns a null pointer if there is not enough data in the list.
+.PP
+.I Adjustblock
+ensures that the block
+.I b
+has at least
+.I n
+bytes of data, reallocating or padding with zero if necessary.
+It returns a pointer to the new
+.BR Block .
+(If
+.I n
+is negative, it frees the block and returns a null pointer.)
+.PP
+.I Checkb
+does some consistency checking of
+the state of
+.IR b ;
+a
+.IR panic (9)
+results if things look grim.
+It is intended for internal use by the queue I/O routines (see
+.IR qio (9))
+but could be used elsewhere.
+.PP
+The only functions that can be called at interrupt level are
+.IR iallocb ,
+.IR freeb ,
+.IR freeblist ,
+.IR BLEN ,
+.IR BALLOC ,
+.IR blocklen ,
+.IR blockalloclen ,
+.IR readblist
+and
+.IR trimblock .
+The others allocate memory and can potentially block.
+.SH SOURCE
+.B /sys/src/9/port/allocb.c
+.br
+.B /sys/src/9/port/qio.c
+.SH DIAGNOSTICS
+Many functions directly or indirectly can raise an
+.IR error (9),
+and callers must therefore provide for proper error recovery
+as described therein to prevent memory leaks and other bugs.
+Except for
+.IR iallocb ,
+any functions that allocate new blocks or lists
+are unsuitable for use by interrupt handlers.
+.IR Iallocb
+returns a null pointer when it runs out of memory.
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.IR qio (9)
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