From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Return-Path: Received: from mail2-relais-roc.national.inria.fr (mail2-relais-roc.national.inria.fr [192.134.164.83]) by c5ff346549e7 (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 20DC72E03 for ; Tue, 11 May 2021 14:48:12 +0000 (UTC) X-IronPort-AV: E=Sophos;i="5.82,291,1613430000"; d="scan'208,217";a="507772820" Received: from prod-listesu18.inria.fr (HELO sympa.inria.fr) ([128.93.162.160]) by mail2-relais-roc.national.inria.fr with ESMTP; 11 May 2021 16:48:07 +0200 Received: by sympa.inria.fr (Postfix, from userid 20132) id 2C2F2E0163; Tue, 11 May 2021 16:48:07 +0200 (CEST) Received: from mail2-relais-roc.national.inria.fr (mail2-relais-roc.national.inria.fr [192.134.164.83]) by sympa.inria.fr (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 96528E0143 for ; Tue, 11 May 2021 16:48:02 +0200 (CEST) IronPort-HdrOrdr: =?us-ascii?q?A9a23=3A8gfXxKBum39kclTlHela55DYdb4zR+YMi2TD?= =?us-ascii?q?sHoBLyC9E/bo8PxG885rsCMc5Ax+ZJhCo6HiBED/ewK5yXcd2+B4AV7IZmnbUQ?= 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OCaml Weekly News

Previous Week<= /a> Up Next Week

Hello

Here is the latest OCaml Weekly News, for the week of May 04 to 11, 2021.

Software engineer position at LexiFi (Paris)

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/job-software-engine= er-position-at-lexifi-paris/7782/1

Alain Frisch announced

LexiFi is hiring! We are looking for= a fully-time software engineer to join our core development team. The vast majority of our stack is implemented in OCaml, a= nd we have plenty of exciting projects on a wide range of topics.

More info on = https://www.lexifi.com/careers/software_engineer/

Open source editor for iOS, iPadOS and macOS

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/open-source-editor-fo= r-ios-ipados-and-macos/7624/15

Continuing this thread, Nathan Fallet announced

Just updated the editor, I redesigned the macOS version, and it just looks = better and more native

3D=

What are your first impressions on it?

Backend developer position at Issuu (Copenhagen)

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/job-backend-dev= eloper-position-at-issuu-copenhagen/7793/1

Dario Teixeira announced

We are looking for a Backend Developer with experience in machine learning = – and preferably also OCaml! – to join our Research & Development team. You will help build machine learning r= esearch prototypes and be responsible for integrating them into new and existing products.

At Issuu, we use OCaml extensively in our production systems. If you love O= Caml and functional programming in general, Issuu is a great place to put your passion into real-world product= s!

Please find more information about this position at the following link: https://jobs.lever.co/issuu/f502cb20-b216-4c67-8357-d748e1b35178

Anentropic asked and Dario Teixeira replied

I would love to hear more about your OCaml backend stack

Well, we love to talk about our OCaml stack! :slightly_smiling_face:

We rely on the Jane Street ecosystem a lot, using Core as a Stdlib replacem= ent and Async for monadic concurrency.

AMQP forms the backbone of our messaging system, and therefore we use amqp-client ex= tensively.

We use both MySQL and Postgresql databases in production. For the former we= use ppx_mysql, and for the l= atter, PGOCaml. (Thanks t= o Docker, we can give PGOCaml compile-time access to the DB without having to depend on the actual production DB.)

We currently use Protobuf for serialisation, but spend a great amount of ti= me complaining about it. We rely on ocaml-protoc-plugi= n to generate the OCaml code from Protobuf definitions.

Anyway, that's just the basics of our stack. Do let me know if there's some= thing else you'd like to know in more detail!

roddy asked and Dario Teixeira replied

Do you use Protobuf for interop with non-OCaml systems? If not, I'm curious= about whether you've considered bi= n_prot as an alternative; it seems like an obvious choice if you're using Core/Async.

Yes, we use Protobuf mainly because we have a heterogeneous stack, where be= sides OCaml we also have services running Python, Kotlin, or Elixir.

Tim McGilchrist asked and Dario Teixeira

I'm curious about how you structure the business code (for want of a better= word), in between the technical layers of talking to AMQP or an SQL store. Are there larger scale patterns like CQRS = or DDD that you use to organise code?

How do you package up code for deployment? Docker / AWS something. We're slowly migrating to a micro-service architecture (the pros and cons o= f which are outside the scope of this thread; that's a can of worms I'd rather not open…) whose cast of ch= aracters includes "entities" (responsible for storing/retrieving data from DBs), generic backend services that encapsulat= e business logic, frontend services, and backend-for-frontend services.

We're using Docker for deployment on AWS (mostly), and slowly migrating fro= m Docker Swarm to Kubernetes.

25 years of OCaml

Archive: h= ttps://discuss.ocaml.org/t/25-years-of-ocaml/7813/1

Xavier Leroy announced

25 years ago, on May 9th 1996, release 1.00 of the Objective Caml language = and system was announced: https://sympa.inria.fr/sympa/arc/caml-list/1996-05/msg00003.html

It was already the consolidation of many years of work, integrating J=C3=A9= r=C3=B4me Vouillon and Didier R=C3=A9my's work on objects and classes within Caml Special Light, itself a combination of my work on m= odules and native-code compilation with earlier code taken from Caml Light, especially Damien Doligez's GC.

Little did I know that O(bjective) Caml would still be there 25 years later!

A lot happened during this time, including several major evolutions of the = language, and, much more importantly, the emergence of a community of users and an ecosystem of tools and libraries. = But maybe this was just the beginning for something even bigger? We'll see…

Happy birthday, OCaml!

David Allsopp replied

Most pleasingly, with a very small number of patches, the Windows port still = works in Visual Studio 2019: 

C:\Birthday>ocaml.exe
        Objectiv=
e Caml version 1.00

#print_endline "Happy 25th Birthday, OCaml!";;
Happy 25t=
h Birthday, OCaml<=
span style=3D"color: #a52a2a;">!
- : unit =3D ()
##quit;;

C:\Birthday>type hooray.ml
let rec hip_hip n =3D
  if n > 0 then
    let () =3D pr=
int_endline "hip hip! hooray!" in
    hip_hip (pred n)

let () =3D hip_hi=
p 25
C:\Birthday>oca=
mlopt -o hooray.exe hooray.ml

C:\Birthday>hoo=
ray
hip hip! hooray!
...

On the OCaml Maling List, Roberto Di Cosmo also repli= ed

Long live OCaml!

Thanks Xavier, and to all the brilliant minds that contributed to the evolu= tion and adoption of this beautiful language, and system, in this past quarter o= f a century.

If I may add a personal note, one truly remarkable fact is that some rather complex code written in 1998 using OCaml 1.07 [1] could be compiled and run= last year using OCaml 4.x without modifications: the only visible changes= were the new warnings spotting potential issues in the code, thanks to the many improvements to the compiler over time.

For the curious, all the details are here: https://www.dicosmo.org/Articles/2020-ReSc= ienceC.pdf

Cheers

Roberto

[1] that was the first version including support for marshalling closures, added in a fantastic one week-spring in Pisa exactly for this code :-)

OCaml compiler development newsletter, issue 1: before May 202= 1

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ocam= l-compiler-development-newsletter-issue-1-before-may-2021/7831/1

gasche announced

I'm happy to introduce the first issue of the "OCaml compiler development n= ewsletter". I asked frequent contributors to the OCaml compiler codebase to write a small burb on what they have been= doing recently, in the interest of sharing more information on what people are interested in, looking at and w= orking on.

This is by no means exhaustive: many people didn't end up having the time t= o write something, and it's fine. But hopefully this can give a small window on development activity related to t= he OCaml compiler, structured differently from the endless stream of Pull Requests on the compiler codebase.

(This initiative is inspired by the excellent Multicore newsletter. Please = don't expect that it will be as polished or consistent :yo-yo: .)

Note:

  • Feel free of course to comment or ask questions, but I don't know if th= e people who wrote a small blurb will be looking at the thread, so no promi= ses.
  • If you have been working on the OCaml compiler and want to say somethin= g, please feel free to post! If you would like me to get in touch next time= I prepare a newsletter issue (some random point in the future), please let= me know by email at (gabriel.scherer at gmail).

@dra27 (David Allsopp)

Compiler relocation patches now exist. There's still a few left to write, a= nd they need splitting into reviewable PRs, but the core features are working. A compiler installation can be copi= ed to a new location and still work, meaning that local switches in opam may in theory be renamed and, more impo= rtantly, we can cache previously-built compilers in an opam root to allow a new switch's compiler to be a copy. Th= is probably won't be reviewed in time for 4.13, although it's intended that once merged opam-repository will carry ba= ck-ports to earlier compilers.

A whole slew of scripting pain has lead to some possible patches to reduce = the use of scripts in the compiler build to somewhat closer to none.

FlexDLL bootstrap has been completely overhauled, reducing build time consi= derably. This will be in 4.13 (#10135)

@nojb (Nicol=C3=A1s Ojeda B=C3=A4r)

I am working on #1015= 9, which enables debug information in -output-complete-exe binaries. It uses incbin under Unix-like system and some other method under Windows.

@gasche (Gabriel Scherer)

I worked on bringing more PRs to a decision (merge or close). The number of= open PRs has gone from 220-ish to 180, which feels nice.

I have also contributed to @Ekdohibs' project camlboot, which is a "bootstrap-free" implementation of OCaml able to compile the OCaml compiler= itself. It currently targets OCaml 4.07 for various reasons. We were able to do a full build of the OCaml compiler,= and check that the result produces bootstrap binaries that coincide with upstream bootstraps. This gives extre= mely strong confidence that the OCaml bootstrap is free from "trusting trust" attacks. For more details, see our = draft paper.

with @Octachron (Florian Angeletti)

I worked with Florian Angeletti on deprecating certain command-line warning= -specifier sequences, to avoid usability issues with (new in 4.12) warning names. Before -w -partial-match disables warning 4, but -w -partial is interpreted as the sequence w -p -w a -w r -w t -w i -w a -w l= , most of which are ignored but -w a silences all warnings. Now multi-letter sequences of "unsigned" specifiers (-p is signed, a is unsigned) are deprecated. (We first deprecated all unsigned specifiers, but Leo White tested the result a= nd remarked that -w A is common, so now we only warn on multi-letter sequences of unsigned specifiers.

I am working with @Octachron (Florian Angeletti) on grouping signature item= s when traversing module signatures. Some items are "ghost items" that are morally attached in a "main item"; the cod= e mostly ignores this and this creates various bugs in corner cases. This is work that Florian started in Septembe= r 2019 with #8929, to fix a bu= g in the reprinting of signatures. I only started reviewing in May-September 2020 and we decided to do sizeable changes, he s= plit it in several smaller changes in January 2021 and we merged it in April 2021. Now we are looking are fixing = other bugs with his code (#9774, #10385). Just this week Florian landed a nice PR fixing several distinct issues related to sig= nature item grouping: #10401.

@xavierleroy (Xavier Leroy)

I fixed #10339, a= mysterious crash on the new Macs with "Apple silicon". This was due to a ARM (32 and 64 bits)-specific optimization of array bound= checking, which was not taken into account by the platform-independent parts of the back-end, leading to incor= rect liveness analysis and wrong register allocation. #10354 fixes this by informing the platform-independent parts of the back-end that some platform-specific instructions can raise. = In passing, it refactors similar code that was duplicating platform-independent calculations (of which instructions ar= e pure) in platform-dependent files.

I spent quality time with the Jenkins continuous integration system at Inri= a, integrating a new Mac Mini M1. For unknown reasons, Jenkins ran the CI script in x86-64 emulation mode, so we = were building and testing an x86-64 version of OCaml instead of the intended ARM64 version. A bit of scripting= later (8b1bc01c3) and voil=C3=A0, arm64-macos is properly tested as part of our CI.

Currently, I'm reading the "safe points" proposal by Sadiq Jaffer (#10039) and the = changes on top of this proposed by Damien Doligez. It's a necessary step towards Multicore OCaml, so we really need to move fo= rward on this one. It's a nontrivial change involving a new static analysis and a number of tweaks in every code= emitter, but things are starting to look good here.

@mshinwell (Mark Shinwell)

I did a first pass of review on the safe points PR (#10039) and significantly simplified the proposed backend changes. I've also been invo= lved in discussions about a new function-level attribute to cause an error if safe points (including alloca= tions) might exist within a function's body, to make code that currently assumes this robust. There will be a des= ign document for this coming in due course.

I fixed the random segfaults that were occurring on the RISC-V Inria CI wor= ker (#10349).

In Flambda 2 land we spent two person-days debugging a problem relating to = Infix_tag! We discovered that the code in OCaml 4.12 onwards for traversing GC roots in static data ("caml_globals") = is not correct if any of the roots are closures. This arises in part because the new compaction code (#9728) has a hidden invariant: it must not see any field of a static data root mor= e than once (not even via an Infix_tag). As far as we know, these situations do not arise in the existing compiler, = although we may propose a patch to guard against them. They arise with Flambda 2 because in order to compile static= ally-allocated inconstant closures (ones whose environment is partially or wholly computed at runtime) we register c= losures directly as global roots, so we can patch their environments later.

@garrigue (Jacques Garrigue)

I have been working on a number of PRs fixing bugs in the type system, whic= h are now merged:

  • #10277 fixes = a theoretical bug in the principality of GADT type inference (#10383 applies only in -princi= pal mode)
  • #10308 fixes = an interaction between local open in patterns and the new syntax for introd= ucing existential type variables
  • #10322 is an = internal change using a normal reference inside of a weak one for backtrack= ing; the weak reference was an optimization when backtracking was a seldom = used feature, and was not useful anymore
  • #10344 fixes = a bug in the delaying of the evaluation of optional arguments
  • #10347 cleans= up some code in the unification algorithm, after a strengthening of univer= sal variable scoping
  • #10362 fixes = a forgotten normalization in the type checking algorithm

Some are still in progress:

  • #10348 improv= es the way expansion is done during unification, to avoid some spurious GAD= T related ambiguity errors
  • #10364 change= s the typing of the body of the cases of pattern-matchings, allowing to war= n in some non-principal situations; it also uncovered a number of principal= ity related bugs inside the the type-checker

Finally, I have worked with Takafumi Saikawa (@t6s) on making the represent= ation of types closer to its logical meaning, by ensuring that one always manipulate a normalized view in #10337 (large cha= nge, evaluation in progress).

@let-def (Fr=C3=A9d=C3=A9ric Bour)

For some time, I have been working on new approaches to generate error mess= ages from a Menhir parser.

My goal at the beginning was to detect and produce a precise message for th= e =E2=80=98let ;=E2=80=99 situation: 

let x =3D 5;
let y =3D 6
let z =3D 7

LR detects an error at the third =E2=80=98let=E2=80=99 which is technically= correct, although we would like to point the user at the =E2=80=98;=E2=80=99 which might be the root cause of the error. This goal h= as been achieved, but the prototype is far from being ready for production.

The main idea to increase the expressiveness and maintainability of error c= ontext identification is to use a flavor of regular expressions. The stack of a parser defines a prefix of a sentential form. Our regular ex= pressions are matched against it. Internal details of the automaton does not leak (no reference to states), the regula= r language is defined by the grammar alone. With appropriate tooling, specific situations can be captured by starting f= rom a coarse expression and refining it to narrow down the interesting cases.

Now I am focusing on one specific point of the =E2=80=98error message=E2=80= =99 development pipeline: improving the efficiency of =E2=80=98menhir –list-errors=E2=80=99. This command is used to enumerate sentences that cover all erroneous situat= ions (as defined by the LR grammar). On my computer and with the OCaml grammar, it takes a few minutes and quite a lot= of RAM. Early results are encouraging and I hope to have a PR for Menhir soon. The performance improvement we are aim= ing for is to make the command almost real time for common grammars and to tackle bigger grammars by reducing the memo= ry needs. For instance, in the OCaml case, the runtime is down from 3 minutes to 2=E2= =80=933 seconds and memory consumption goes from a few GiB down to 200 MiB.

Daniel B=C3=BCnzli asked and gasche replied

> […] @Ekdohibs=E2=80=99 project camlboot , which is a =E2=80=9Cbootstrap-free=E2=80=9D=
> implementation of OCaml able to compile the OCaml compiler itself. It = currently targets OCaml 4.07 for various
> reasons. We were able to do a full build of the OCaml compiler, and ch= eck that the result produces bootstrap
> binaries that coincide with upstream bootstraps. This gives extremely = strong confidence that the OCaml bootstrap is
> free from =E2=80=9Ctrusting trust=E2=80=9D attacks. For more details, = see our dr= aft paper.

Something that is not clear to me (but I read quickly) is the impact of `gu= ile` itself being not bootstrapped yet. Could there be a very elaborate attack (with probability 0 of existi= ng) on both the guile and ocaml bootstrap or is there something in the whole scheme that prevents it ?

Yes, currently Guile needs to be trusted, and it would be possible that a b= ootstrapping virus in Guile would break our correctness result. (It would need to reproduce itself through our comp= iler and interpreter that were written after Guile itself, but I think in theory this could be done with an almost= -infinitely clever program analysis.) Of course, an attack at the source level (inserting malicious source, instead = of malicious binaries) is also possible anywhere in the chain. Our main reason for using Guile is that this is the high-level language com= munity most active on debootstrapping-towards-the-metal (through the Guix connection), so we beli= eve it is more likely to manage debootstrapping and maintain it in the longer run.

(The seed that Guile depends on is its macro-expander, which is written usi= ng macros itself. In theory one may perform the macro-expansion of the expander, and then manually review the t= wo versions to verify the absence of attack there.)

Parser for the Scala programming language?

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/parser-for-the-scala-pr= ogramming-language/7541/18

Deep in this thread, Yoann Padioleau announced

I ended up porting the recursive descent parser in the Scala compiler to OC= aml … I think it was the fastest way to get a working parser from OCaml …

https://github.com/returntocorp/pff= f/blob/develop/lang_scala/parsing/Parser_scala_recursive_descent.ml

Old CWN

If you happen to miss a CWN, you can send me a message and I'll mail it to you, or go take a loo= k at the archive or the <= a href=3D"https://alan.petitepomme.net/cwn/cwn.rss">RSS feed of the archive= s.

If you also wish to receive it every week by mail, you may subscribe online.

--=-=-=--