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OCaml Weekly News

Previous Week Up Next Week

Hello

Here is the latest OCaml Weekly News, for the week of July 21 to 28, 2020.

As I will be away with no internet next week, the next CWN will be on Augus= t 11.

Embedded ocaml templates

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/embedded-ocaml-templates/6124/1

Emile Trotignon announced

I am very happy to announce the release of ocaml-embedded-templates.

This is a tool similar to camlmix, but camlmix was not updated for 7 years,= and there is no easy way to handle a lot of templates (my command takes a directory as an argument and = generate an ocaml module by going through the directory recursively) I also choosed to use a syntax similar to EJS, and there is a ppx for inlin= e EML.

You can check it out here : https://github.com/EmileTrotignon/embedded_ocaml_te= mplates

Here is a more extensive exemple of what can be done with this : https://githu= b.com/EmileTrotignon/resume_of_ocaml (This project generate my resume/w= ebsite in both latex and html).

This is my first opam package : feedback is very much welcome.

Proposal: Another way to debug memory= leaks

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/proposal-another-way-to= -debug-memory-leaks/6134/1

Jim Fehrle said

memprof helps you discover where memory was allocated, which i= s certainly useful. However, that may not be enough information to isolate a leak. Sometimes you'd like to know = what variables refer to excessive amounts of memory.

For this, you'd want to examine all the garbage collection roots and report= how much memory is used by each. This is useful information if you can map a GC root back to a source= file and variable.

I prototyped code to do that to help with Coq bug https://github.com/coq/coq/issues/12487. It localized several leaks enough across over 500 source files so that we coul= d find and fix them. But my prototype code is a bit crude. I'd like to clean it up and submit it as a = PR. Since this could be done in various ways, I wanted to get some design/API feedback up front rat= her than maybe doing some of it twice. Also I'd like to confident that such a PR would be accepted and = merged in a reasonable amount of time–otherwise why bother.

caml_do_roots shows how to access the GC roots. There are several types of roots:

  • global roots, corresponding to top-level variables in source files
  • dynamic global roots
  • stack and local roots
  • global C roots
  • finalized values
  • memprof
  • hook

API (in Gc): 

val print_global_reachable : out_channel -> int -> unit

Prints a list to out_channel of the global roots that reach mo= re than the specified number of words. Each item shows the number of reachable words, the associated index of the = root in the *glob for that file and the name of the source file.

Something like this (but with only filenames rather than pathnames): 

  102678 field  17 plugins/ltac/pltac.ml
  102730 field  18 plugins/ltac/pltac.ml
  164824 field  20 plugins/ltac/tacenv.ml
 1542857 field  26 plugins/ltac/tacenv.ml
35253743 field  65 stm/stm.ml
35201913 field   8 vernac/vernacstate.ml
 8991864 field  24 vernac/library.ml
  112035 field   8 vernac/egramml.ml
 6145454 field  84 vernac/declaremods.ml
 6435878 field  89 vernac/declaremods.ml

I would use ELF information in the binary file to map from *glob back to a filename. For example, the address symbol of the entry camlTest corresponds to = test.ml. This would only work for binary executables compiled with the -g option. It wouldn't work for= byte-compiled code. It would print an error message if it's not ELF or not -g. Also, being a little= lazy, how essential is it to support 32-bit binaries? (Q: What happens if you have 2 source files with the same= name though in different directories? Would the symbol table distinguish them?) 

val get_field_index : Obj.t -> int

Returns the *glob index number for the top-level variable (pas= sed as Obj.repr var). I expect there's no way to recover variable names from the *glob index.= In my experiments, it appeared that the entries in *glob were in the same order as as the variable= and function declarations. This would let a developer do a binary search in the code to locate the variable which= it probably a necessity for large, complex files such as Coq's stm.ml–3300 lines, 1= 0+ modules defined within the file. (I noticed that variables defined in modules defined within the source file we= re not in *glob. I expect there is a root for the module as a whole and that those variables can be r= eadily found within that root.)

This would need an extended explanation in gc.mli. 

val print_stack_reachable : out_channel -> int -> unit

Prints a backtrace to out_channel that also shows which roots = for each frame reach more than the specified number of words. (I'd keep the "item numbers" since there's no w= ay to translate them to variables and they might give some clues.) 

Called from file "tactics/redexpr.ml" (inlined), line 207, characters 29-40
 356758154 item    0 (stack)
Called from file "plugins/ltac/tacinterp.ml", line 752, characters 6-51
  17646719 item    0 (stack)
    119041 item    1 (stack)
Called from file "engine/logic_monad.ml", line 195, characters 38-43
    119130 item    0 (stack)
 373378237 item    1 (stack)

As it turns out, 90% of the memory in Coq issue mentioned above is reachabl= e only from the stack.

I didn't consider the other types of roots yet, which I don't fully underst= and, such as local roots. Just covering global and stack roots seems like a good contribution. Dynam= ic global roots may be easy to add if they are otherwise similar to global roots. For the others I cou= ld print the reachable words, but I don't know how to direct the developer to look at the relevant= part of the code, especially if it's in C code. I suppose print_global_reachable and print_stack_reachable could be a single routine as well. That's probably better.

Let me know your thoughts.

Camlp5 (8.00~alpha01) and pa_ppx (0.0= 1)

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-camlp5-8-00-alpha01-an= d-pa-ppx-0-01/6144/1

Chet Murthy announced

Camlp5 (8.00~alpha01) and pa_ppx (= 0.01)

I'm pleased to announce the release of two related projects:

  1. Camlp5: version 8.00~a= lpha01 is an alpha release of Camlp5, with full support for OCaml syntax up= to version 4.10.0, as well as minimal compatibility with version 4.11.0. I= n particular there is full support for PPX attributes and extensions.
  2. pa_ppx: version 0.= 01 is a re-implementation of a large number of PPX rewriters (e.g. ppx_deri= ving (std (show, eq, map, etc), yojson, sexp, etc), ppx_import, ppx_assert,= others) on top of Camlp5, along with an infrastructure for developing new = ones.

This allows projects to combine the existing style of Camlp5 syntax extension, with PPX rewriting, without having to jump thru hoops to invoke camlp5 on some files, and PPX processors on others.

Camlp5 alone is not compatible with existing PPX rewriters: Camlp5 syntax-extensions (e.g. "stream parsers") would be rejected by the OCaml parser, and PPX extensions/attributes are ignored by Camlp5 (again, without pa_ppx). pa_ppx provides Camlp5-= compatible versions of many existing PPX rewriters, as well as new ones, so that one can use Camlp5 syntax extensions as well as PPX rewriters. In addition, some of the re-implemented rewriters are more-powerful than their original namesakes, and there are new ones that add interesting functionality.

For democratizing macro-extension-authoring in OCaml<= /h4>

TL;DR Writing OCaml PPX rewriters is hard work. There is a complicated infrastructure that is hard to explain, there are multiple such incompatible infrastructures (maybe these are merging?) and it is hard enough that most Ocaml programmers do not write macro-extensions as a part of their projects. I believe that using Camlp5 and pa_ppx can make it easier to write macro-extensions, via:

  1. providing a simple way of thinking about adding your extension to the p= arsing process.
  2. providing transparent tools (e.g. quotations) for pattern-matching/cons= tructing AST fragments

Explained below in [Macro Extensions with Pa_ppx](#macro-extensions-with-pa= _ppx).

  • The original arguments against Camlp4

    The original argument against using Camlp4 as a basis for macro-preprocessing in Ocaml, had several points (I can't find the original document, but from memory):

    1. syntax-extension as the basis of macro-extension leads to brittl= e syntax: multiple syntax extensions often do not combine well.
    2. a different AST type than the Ocaml AST
    3. a different parsing/pretty-printing infrastructure, which must be maint= ained alongside of Ocaml's own parser/pretty-printer.
    4. A new and complicated set of APIs are required to write syntax extensio= ns.

    To this, I'll add

    1. Camlp4 was forked from Camlp5, things were changed, and hence, C= amlp4 lost the contribution of its original author. Hence, maintaining Cam= lp4 was always labor that fell on the Ocaml team. [Maybe this doesn't matte= r, but it counts for something.]
  • Assessing the arguments, with some hindsight

    1. syntax-extension as the basis of macro-extension leads to brittle sy= ntax: multiple syntax extensions often do not combine well.

      In retrospect, this is quite valid: even if one prefers and enjoys LL(1) grammars and parsing, when multiple authors write grammar-extensions which are only combined by third-party projects, the conditions are perfect for chaos, and of a sort that project-authors simply shouldn't have to sort out. And this chaos is of a different form, than merely having two PPX rewriters use the same attribute/extension-names (which is, arguably, easily detectable with some straightforward predeclaration).

    2. Camlp4/5 has a different AST type than the Ocaml AST

      Over time, the PPX authors themselves have slowly started to conclude that the current reliance on the Ocaml AST is fraught with problems. The "Future of PPX" discussion thread talks about using something like s-expressions, and more generally about a more-flexible AST type.

    3. a different parsing/pretty-printing infrastructure, which must be maintaine= d alongside of Ocaml's own parser/pretty-printer.

      A different AST type necessarily means a different parser/pretty-printer. Of course, one could modify Ocaml's YACC parser to produce Camlp5 ASTs, but this is a minor point.

    4. A new and complicated set of APIs are required to write syntax extensions.

      With time, it's clear that PPX has produced the same thing.

    5. Maintaining Camlp4 was always labor that fell on the Ocaml team.

      The same argument (that each change to the Ocaml AST requires work to update Camlp5) can be made for PPX (specifically, this is the raison d'etre of ocaml-migrate-parsetree). Amusingly, one could imagine using ocaml-migrate-parsetree as the basis for making Camlp5 OCaml-version-independent, too. That is, the "backend" of Camlp5 could use ocaml-migrate-parsetree to produce ASTs for a version of OCaml different from the one on which it was compiled.

Arguments against the current API(s) of PPX rewriting=

The overall argument is that it's too complicated for most OCaml programmers to write their own extensions; what we see instead of a healthy ecosystem of many authors writing and helping-improve PPX rewriters, is a small number of rewriters, mostly written by Jane Street and perhaps one or two other shops. There are a few big reasons why this is the case (which correspond to the responses above), but one that isn't mentioned is:

  1. When the "extra data" of a PPX extension or attribute is easily-express= ed with the fixed syntax of PPX payloads, all is ~well~ ok, bu= t certainly not in great shape. Here's an example:
type package_type =3D
[%import:=
 Parsetree.package_type
          [@with core_type    :=3D Parsetre=
e.core_type [@printer Pprintast.core_type];
                 Asttypes.loc :=3D Asttypes=
.loc [@polyprinter fun pp fmt x -> pp fmt x.Asttypes.txt];
                 Longident.t  :=3D Longiden=
t.t [@printer pp_longident]]]
[@@deriving show]

The expression-syntax of assignment is used to express type-expression rewrites. And this is necesarily limited, because we cannot (for example) specify left-hand-sizes that are type-expressions with variables. It's a perversion of the syntax, when what we really want to have is something that is precise: "map this type-expression to that type-expression".

Now, with the new Ocaml 4.11.0 syntax, there's a (partial) solution: use "raw-string-extensions" like {%foo|argle|}. This is the s= ame as [%foo {|argle|}]. This relies on the PPX extension to parse t= he payload. But there are problems:

  1. Of course, there's no equivalent {@foo|argle|} (and "@@", = "@@@" of course) for attributes.
  2. If the payload in that string doesn't itself correspond to some = parseable Ocaml AST type, then again, we're stuck: we have to cobble togeth= er a parser instead of being able to merely extend the parser of Ocaml to d= eal with the case.

Note well that I'm not saying that we should extend the parsing rules of the Ocaml language. Rather, that with an extensible parser (hence, LL(1)) we can add new nonterminals, add rules that reference existing nonterminals, and thereby get an exact syntax (e.g.) for the ppx_import example above. That new nonterminal is used onl= y in parsing the payload – nowhere else – so we haven't introduced examples of objection #1 above.

And it's not even very hard.

Macro Extensions with Pa_ppx

The basic thesis of pa_ppx is "let's not throw the baby out wi= th the bathwater". Camlp5 has a lot of very valuable infrastructure that can be used to make writing macro-preprocessors much easier. pa_ppx adds a few more.

  1. Quotations for patterns and expressions over all important OCaml AST ty= pes.
  2. "extensible functions" to make the process of recursing down the AST tr= ansparent, and the meaning of adding code to that process equally transpare= nt.
  3. pa_ppx introduces "passes" and allows each extension to re= gister which other extensions it must follow, and which may follow it; then= pa_ppx topologically sorts them, so there's no need for proje= ct-authors to figure out how to order their PPX extension invocations.

As an example of a PPX rewriter based on pa_ppx, here's pa_ppx.here from the pa_ppx tutorial. In that example, you'll see that Ca= mlp5 infrastructure is used to make things easy:

  1. quotations are used to both build the output AST fragment, and to patte= rn-match on inputs.
  2. the "extensible functions" are used to add our little bit of rewriter t= o the top-down recursion.
  3. and we declare our rewriter to the infrastructure (we don't specify wha= t passes it must come before or after, since pa_ppx.here is so= simple).

Conclusion

I'm not trying to convince you to switch away from PPX to Camlp5. Perhaps, I'm not even merely arguing that you should use pa_ppx and author new macro-extensions on it. But I am arguing that the featur= es of

  1. quotations, with antiquotations in as many places as possible, and henc= e, in places where Ocaml identifiers are not permitted.
  2. facilities like "extensible functions", with syntax support for them
  3. a new AST type, that is suitable for macro-preprocessing, but isn't mer= ely "s-expressions" (after all, there's a reason we all use strongly-typed = languages)
  4. an extensible parser for the Ocaml language, usable in PPX attribute/ex= tension payloads

are important and valuable, and a PPX rewriter infrastructure that makes it possible for the masses to write their own macro-extensions, is going to incorporate these things.

OCaml 4.11.0, third (and last?) beta = release

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ocaml-4-11-0-third-and-la= st-beta-release/6149/1

octachron announced

The release of OCaml 4.11.0 is near. As one step further in this direction, we have published a third and potentially last beta release.

This new release fixes an infrequent best-fit allocator bug and an issue with floating-point software emulation in the ARM EABI port. On the ecosystem side, merlin is now available for this new version of OCam= l. The compatibility of the opam ecosystem with OCaml 4.11.0 is currently good, and it should be possible to test this beta without too much trouble.

The source code is available at these addresses:

http= s://github.com/ocaml/ocaml/archive/4.11.0+beta3.tar.gz
https://caml.inria.fr/pub/distrib/ocaml-4.11/ocaml-4.11.0+beta3.tar= .gz

The compiler can also be installed as an OPAM switch with one of the following commands: 

opam update
opam switch create ocaml-variants.4.11.0+beta3 --repositories=3Ddefault,beta=3Dgit+https://github.com/ocaml/oca=
ml-beta-repository.git

or 

opam update
opam switch create ocaml-variants.4.11.0+beta3+VARIANT --repositories=3Ddef=
ault,beta=3Dgit+https://github.com/o=
caml/ocaml-beta-repository.git

where you replace VARIANT with one of these: afl, flambda, fp, fp+flambda

We would love to hear about any bugs. Please report them here: https://github.com/ocaml= /ocaml/issues

Compared to the previous beta release, the exhaustive list of changes is as follows:

Runtime:

  • #9736, #9749: Compaction mus= t start in a heap where all free blocks are blue, which was not the case wi= th the best-fit allocator. (Damien Doligez, report and review by Leo White)=
  • + [*new bug fixes*] #9316, #9443= , #9463, #9782: Use typing i= nformation from Clambda or mutable Cmm variables. (Stephen Dolan, review by= Vincent Laviron, Guillaume Bury, Xavier Leroy, and Gabriel Scherer; tempor= ary bug report by Richard Jones)

Manual and documentation:

  • #9541: Add a= documentation page for the instrumented runtime; additional changes to opt= ion names in the instrumented runtime. (Enguerrand Decorne, review by Anil = Madhavapeddy, Gabriel Scherer, Daniel B=C3=BCnzli, David Allsopp, Florian A= ngeletti, and S=C3=A9bastien Hinderer)

Entries marked with "+" were already present in previous alphas, but they have been complemented by new bug fixes.

If you are interested by the list of new features, and the nearly final list of bug fixes the updated change log for OCaml 4.11.0 is available at:

https://github= .com/ocaml/ocaml/blob/4.11/Changes

Other OCaml News

From the ocamlcore planet blog

Here are links from many OCaml blogs aggregated at OCaml Planet.

Old CWN

If you happen to miss a CWN, you can send me a message and I'll mail it to you, or go take a loo= k at the archive or the RSS feed of the archives<= /a>.

If you also wish to receive it every week by mail, you may subscribe online.

Alan Schmitt

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