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OCaml Weekly News

Previous Week<= /a> Up Next Week

Hello

Here is the latest OCaml Weekly News, for the week of November 23 to 30, 20= 21.

opam 2.1.1, opam 2.0.10, and opam-depext 1.2

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-opam-2-1-1-opam-2-0= -10-opam-depext-1-2/8872/1

R. Boujbel announced

We are pleased to announce several minor releases: opam 2.0.10, opam 2.1.1= , and opam-depext 1.2.

The opam releases consist of backported fixes, while opam-depext has been adapted to be compatible with opam 2.1, to allow for workflows which need to maintain compatibility with opam 2.0. = With opam 2.1.1, if you export OPAMCLI=3D2.0 into your environment then workflows expecting o= pam 2.0 should now behave even more equivalently.

You'll find more information in the blog post .

OTOML 0.9.0 =E2=80=94 a compliant and flexible TOML parsing, m= anipulation, and pretty-printing library

Archive:

Daniil Baturin announced

A new 0.9.3 relase is available. Still not 1.0.0 just in case. The change I= 'm most glad I managed to make is that the lexer is now re-entrant and doesn't use any mutable state. Where can I appl= y for the "Designed for multicore OCaml" certification sticker? ;)

Breaking change in the functor interface

I found an oversight that took a breaking change to fix. It didn't break an= y package that was already in the OPAM repository, so I'm glad I noticed it before it caused anyone trouble.

My idea to make the functor take separate integer and float modules turned = out to be misguided: it wouldn't compose with Otoml.get_float ~strict:false and similar functions that = apply type conversions.

Logically, Otoml.get_float ~strict:false (Otoml.integer 5) sho= uld produce Otoml.TomlFloat 5.0. However, it means that get_float needs to know how to convert integers to float.= If integer and float types are in separate modules, that isn't possible.

So I combined both integers and floats in a single TomlNumber.= That way people who want to bring their own bignum libraries will have to write more code, but numbers will behave as they are= expected to in a dynamically typed format. 

module BigNumber =3D struct
  type int =3D Z.t
  type float =3D Deci=
mal.t

  let int_of_string =3D Z.of_string
  let int_to_string =3D Z.to_string
  let int_of_boolean =
b =3D if b then Z.one else Z.<=
/span>zero
  let int_to_boolean =
n =3D (n <> Z.zero)

  (* Can't just reuse Decimal.to/of_string because their optional arguments
     would cause a signature mismatch. *)
  let float_of_string s =3D Decimal.of_string s

  (* Decimal.to_string uses "NaN" spelling
     while TOML requires all special float =
values to be lowercase. *)
  let float_to_string x =3D Decimal.to_string x |> =
String.lowercase_ascii
  let float_of_boolean if b then Decimal.=
one else Decimal.zero
  let float_to_boolean Decimal.z=
ero)

  let float_of_int =3D let int_of_float =3D end

module Otoml =3D Otom=
l.Base.Make (BigNumber) (Otoml.Base.StringDate)

The next release will likely be 1.0.0 for real.

New release of Fix

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-new-release-of-fix/8895/1

Fran=C3=A7ois Pottier announced

I am pleased to announce a new release of Fix, with several new modules contribued by Fr=C3=A9d=C3=A9ric Bour (thanks!).

In short, Fix is a toolkit that helps perform memoization and fixed point computations (including data flow analyses). More generally, it offers a number of basic algorithmic building blocks that can be useful in many circumstances. 

opam update
opam install fix.20211125

Documentation can be found here:

Enjoy,

Fran=C3=A7ois Pottier
francois.pottier@inria.fr
http://cambium.inria.fr/~fpo= ttier/

2021/11/25

  • The new module CompactQueue offers a minimalist mutable FI= FO queue. It is comparable with OCaml's Queue module. In comparison with Queue, it uses a more compact internal representation: elements are stored contiguously in a circular array. This has a positive impact on performance: both time and memory consumption are reduced. This data structure is optimized for maximum throughput. (Contributed by Fr=C3=A9d=C3=A9ric Bour, reviewed by Fran=C3=A7= ois Pottier.)
  • The new functor DataFlow.ForCustomMaps offers a forward da= ta flow analysis that is tuned for greater performance. (Contributed by Fr=C3=A9d=C3=A9ric B= our, reviewed by Fran=C3=A7ois Pottier.)
  • The new module Indexing offers a safe API for manipulating= indices into fixed-size arrays. This API involves some dynamic checks as well as static type checks, thereby (hopefully) greatly reducing the risk of confusion in code that uses many arrays and many indices into these arrays. (Contributed by Fr=C3=A9d=C3=A9ric Bour, reviewed by Fran=C3=A7ois Pottier.)
  • In DataFlow, allow the function foreach_root (which is part of the signature DATA_FLOW_GRAPH) to call contribute x _ several times at a single root x<= /code>.

New release of Menhir (20211125)

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-new-release-of-menhir-20211= 125/8896/1

Fran=C3=A7ois Pottier announced

I am pleased to announce a new release of Menhir, with an exciting contribution by Fr=C3=A9d=C3=A9ric Bour: a groundbreaking performance impro= vement in menhir --list-errors. This is made possible by an entirely new= reachability algorithm, which has been designed and implemented by Fr=C3=A9d=C3=A9ric, a= nd which is described in our paper "Faster Reachability Analysis for LR(1) Parsers". Th= is is the link to the paper:

http://cambium.inria.fr/~fpottier/publis/bour-pottier-reachability.= pdf

To install the new release, just type 

opam update
opam install menhir.20211125

Enjoy!

Fran=C3=A7ois Pottier
Francois.Pottier@inria.fr
http://cambium.inria.fr/~fpo= ttier/

  • The command menhir --list-errors has been sped up by a fac= tor of up to x100, and requires up to x1000 less memory, thanks to a new LR(1) reachability algorithm, which has been designed and implemented by Fr=C3=A9d=C3=A9ric Bour.
  • Better document the restricted way in which the error toke= n must be used when using --strategy simplified. Menhir now checks that = this token is used only at the end of a production, and warns if this is not the case. (Better yet, our suggestion is to not use the error token at all!)
  • The $syntaxerror keyword is now forbidden when using --strategy simplified. This keyword will be entirely removed in the next release. Incidentally, we have just found out that it behaves differently under the code back-end and under the table back-end.
  • Disable OCaml warning 39 (unused rec flag) in the OCaml code produced by Menhir's code back-end. This does not affect the table back-end. (Reported by Arma=C3=ABl Gu=C3=A9neau.)
  • Fix a bug in --random-* which could cause Menhir to diverg= e if the grammar uses the error token.
  • Warn if a terminal symbol is named Error. This creates a n= ame clash in the public interface of the generated parser.
  • Menhir now requires OCaml 4.03.0 (instead of 4.02.3) and Dune 2.8.0 (instead of 2.0.0).

Lwt 5.5.0, Lwt_domain 0.1.0, Lwt_react.1.1.5

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-lwt-5-5-0-lwt-d= omain-0-1-0-lwt-react-1-1-5/8897/1

Rapha=C3=ABl Proust announced

It is my pleasure to announce the release of Lwt version 5.5.0, Lwt_domain = version 0.1.0, Lwt_react version 1.1.5, Lwt_ppx version 2.0.3 and Lwt_ppx_let version 5.5.0.

https://githu= b.com/ocsigen/lwt/releases/tag/5.5.0

All those packages can be installed via opam as usual.

:rotating_light: Deprecation

One notable change is the deprecation of Lwt_main.yield and Lwt_unix.yield. It is recommended to use Lwt.pause instead.

:rocket: Lwt_domain: an interface to multicore paral= lelism

Another notable change is the addition of the Lwt_domain package. This pack= age includes a single module Lwt_domain with functions to execute some computations in parallel, using the features= of Multicore OCaml. The package requires an OCaml compiler with domains support to install.

Code for this package is the work of @sudha with reviews and packaging from= Lwt contributors.

Other changes

The full list of changes is available in the CHANGES file.

OCaml's CI is gradually moving to GitHub Actions

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-ocamls-ci-= is-gradually-moving-to-github-actions/8902/1

Sora Morimoto announced

The OCaml team started switching to GitHub Actions last year for some of th= e official OCaml repositories. Also, we have released some CI related stuff, such as setup-ocaml, to the community.= Some OCaml hackers also know that CI in the OCaml community is gradually switching to GitHub Actions nowadays.

However, what gradually became a problem when we started switching was that= the number of concurrent jobs that could run in a free account on GitHub was not enough for our activeness.

One of the major pain points for compiler contributors is that the wait tim= e for CI to complete, which is unrelated to the actual build, is too long. However, this has been a pain point in al= l services, even before GitHub Actions.

The GitHub team did their best to help us make it better. As a result, they= offered to upgrade the OCaml organization's plan to the team plan for free, which means that we can now = benefit from a range of features, including access to 3x more concurrent runners than before.

We would like to thank GitHub for supporting our team and Ahmed Bilal, who = supported this effort.

How to combine 3 monads: Async/Lwt, Error and State?

Archive: https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/how-to-combine-3= -monads-async-lwt-error-and-state/8906/9

Deep in this thread, Ivan Gotovchits said

The monads library provides the transformers for some well-known monads. Al= l these monads have a more or less standard implementation, offering the same performance as any other monadic= library can offer. Like there is no better way of implementing the state monad other than a function. We have e= xperimented a lot with different performance optimizations, such as boxing and unboxing it and inlining vari= ous operators, and keep experimenting to get the maximum from the current compiler. In BAP, we heavily use the monad= s library, first of all for our k= nowledge representation and reasoning engine, which is the foundation for all BA= P analyses. We also use it for emulating binary programs. The rich interface is here to make our life easier an= d more comfortable when we use monads. It definitely comes for free=C2=B9 as the number of functions doesn't affect t= he performance of the underlying monad.

But… there is always a but :) Stacking monads using a transformer do= es have a price. Even with the flambda compiler. The latter is doing an excellent job of unstacking them and elimi= nating the overhead of having a chain of monads. But our latest experiments show that a custom-made monad (still wit= h the monads library) performs better under either branch of the compiler. We have rewritten our main monads that we= re relying on transformers and got from 20% to 50% performance improvement. But that is not to say that the mo= nads library itself is slow or that we're not using it, it is to say that there are other options to transformers tha= t might work in some cases. See the linked PR if you want to learn the trick.

=C2=B9=E2=81=BE Provided that we ignore the size of the executable, e.g., l= inking the core_kernel library results in a quite large binary, which may increase the startup time. Insignificantly, b= ut in some use cases, it might be a significant factor.

Ivan Gotovchits then said

As it was already suggested, you can use monad transformers, to compose several monads= into a single monad. As a show-case, we will use the monads library (discla= imer, I am an author of this library), which you can install with 

opam install monads

It offers most of the well-known monads in a form of a monad transformer, w= hich in terms of OCaml, is a functor that takes a monad and returns a new monad that enriches it with some new behavi= or. For example, to make a non-deterministic error monad, we can do Monad.List.Make(Monad.Result= .Error) and get a monadic structure (i.e., a module that implements the Monad.S interfac= e) that is both a list monad and an error monad. The small caveat is that the operations of the wrapped monad, the error monad in our case, are= not available directly, so we have to lift them, e.g., 

let fail p =3D lift @@ Monad.Result.Error.fail p

So that in the end, the full implementation of the transformed monad still = requires some boilerplate code, 

module ListE =3D struct
  type 'a t =3D 'a list Monad.Result.Error.t
  include Monad.List.Make(Monad.Result.Error)
  let fail p =
=3D lift@@Monad.Result.Error.fail p
  (* and so on for each operation that is specific to the wrapped monad =
*)
end

Now, let's try wrapping the Lwt monad into the state. We don't want to add = the Error monad because Lwt is already the error monad and adding an extra layer of errors monad is not what we want. = First of all, we need to adapt the Lwt monad to the Monad.S interface, e.g., 

module LwtM =3D struct
  type 'a t =3D 'a Lw=
t.t
  include Monad.Make(struct
      type 'a t =3D 'a let return =3D =
Lwt.return
      let bind =3D Lw=
t.bind
      let map x ~f =3D Lwt.map f x
      let map =3D `Custom map
    end)
end

If we want to keep the state type monomorphic, then we will need a module f= or it. Suppose your state is represented as, 

module State =3D struct
  type t =3D string M=
ap.M(String=
).t
end

Now, we can use it to build our State(Lwt) Russian doll, 

module IO =3D struct
  include Monad.State.T1(State)(LwtM)
  include Monad.State.Make(State)(LwtM)

  (* let's lift [read] as an example *)<=
/span>
  let read fd =
buf =
ofs len =3D
    lift (Lwt_unix.read fd buf ofs l=
en)
end

The Monad.State.T1 functor is used to create the types for the= generated monad. You can write them manually, of course, like as we did in the List(Error) example, but the type generating = modules are here for the convenience=C2=B9

Now, let's get back to the problem of the lifting. It looks tedious to impo= ssible to lift every operation from Lwt. Commonly, we try to put the smaller monad inside, to minimize the work, but= it doesn't work with Lwt as the latter is not a transformer. So what is the solution? For me, the solution is to not = lift the operations at all, but instead, define your IO abstraction and hide that it is using Lwt underneath the hoo= d. This will make the code that uses this new abstraction more generic and less error-prone so that it can focus on t= he business logic and the implementation details could be hidden inside the monad implementation. This is what the m= onads are for, anyway.

=C2=B9=E2=81=BE We omit the types from the output of the Make = functor since for a long time OCaml didn't allow the repetition of types in a structure so having the types in it will prevent u= s from composing various flavors of monads using include. It is also a long-time convention widely used i= n many OCaml libraries, including Core and Async. A convention that we probably don't need anymore.

Old CWN

If you happen to miss a CWN, you can send me a message and I'll mail it to you, or go take a loo= k at the archive or the <= a href=3D"https://alan.petitepomme.net/cwn/cwn.rss">RSS feed of the archive= s.

If you also wish to receive it every week by mail, you may subscribe online.

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