It seems to be syntex/luatex related.

Here's a minimal example using the sample.bib from the wiki (http://wiki.contextgarden.net/sample_bib):
%%%
\enabledirectives[system.synctex]
\setupbibtex[database={sample},sort=author]
\starttext
\chapter{Bibliography}
\completepublications[criterium=text]
\stoptext
%%%

error:
!LuaTeX error (file /usr/share/texmf/fonts/opentype/public/lm/lmroman12-regular.otf): Parsing CFF DICT failed. (error=-1)
 ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced!

note: * criterium=all works, obviously I have cite's in my document, but that shouldn't matter
         * commenting out the synctex line also makes it work again
         * somehow the problem is in combination with a title element (part, chapter, etc.), because without it it works again as well

More verbose log attached.

Adam