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* I can't put footnote
@ 2009-07-22 17:29 Xan
  2009-07-22 18:22 ` Hans Hagen
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 13+ messages in thread
From: Xan @ 2009-07-22 17:29 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: mailing list for ConTeXt users, Xan

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Hi,

Anyone could help me please. I attach a document with I have problems.
When I comment out the footnote in line 402, then I get an error.

Can anyone could see what happens?

Thanks in advance,
Xan.

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\version[concept]

\subsubsubject{Paraules sobre un alfabet}

En aquest apartat farem memòria de la definició de paraula (sobre un alfabet) i introduirem certes notacions i operacions estàndards que farem servir posteriorment.

Recordem que un {\em alfabet}\index{alfabet} és un conjunt qualsevol de símbols, els quals anomenarem {\em lletres}\index{lletres}. Si $A$ és un alfabet, aleshores una {\em paraula $w$ sobre $A$}\index{paraula} és una successió finita de lletres de $A$, que escriurem com $w = w_1 \ldots w_k$. Indicarem amb $\varepsilon$ la paraula que no té cap lletra, la qual anomenarem {\em paraula buida}\index{paraula+buida}. Quan $w$ consti de dues o més lletres iguals consecutives, per comoditat, podrem agrupar-les usant la notació multiplicativa. Per exemple si $A = \{a,b\}$, aleshores $ab^3a^2b$ denotarà la paraula $abbbaab$. 

La {\em concatenació}\index{concatenació de paraules} de dues paraules $w_1$, $w_2$ sobre $A$, que indicarem amb $w_1 \cdot w_2$, és la juxtaposició de $w_1$ i $w_2$, és a dir, si $w_1 = a_1 \ldots a_k$ i $w_2 = b_1 \ldots b_s$, aleshores
\startformula
w_1 \cdot w_2 = a_1 \ldots a_k b_1 \ldots b_s,
\stopformula
amb la convenció que $w_1 \cdot \varepsilon = \varepsilon \cdot w_1 = w_1$. Sovint ometrem el símbol $\cdot$ i escriurem $u v$ per denotar $u \cdot v$.

Si $w$ és una paraula sobre $A$, aleshores $l(w)$\symbol{$l(w)$} denotarà la seva {\em longitud}\index{longitud+d'una paraula}, és a dir, el seu nombre de símbols. De forma clara, $l(u \cdot v) = l(u) + l(v)$, per a qualssevol paraules $u, v$ sobre $A$. D'altra banda, indicarem amb $w(t)$ el {\em prefix de $w$ de longitud $t$}\index{paraula+prefix de longitud $t$,}. Formalment, si $w = \varepsilon$, $w(t) = \varepsilon$ i si $w = w_1 \ldots w_k$, aleshores $w(t) = w_1 \ldots w_t$.

Per últim, indicarem amb $A^*$ el {\em monoide lliure sobre $A$}\index{monoide lliure}, és a dir, el conjunt de totes les paraules sobre $A$.

\subsubsubject{Grups lliures}

En aquesta secció construirem el {\em grup lliure} de base $X$ un conjunt qualsevol i descriurem algunes de les seves propietats a mode de teoremes.

Donat $X$ un conjunt qualsevol, agafem un conjunt d'inverses formals de $X$, que indicarem amb $X^{-1}$, format per símbols $x^{-1}$ per a cada $x \in X$. Formalment, $X^{-1}$ és un conjunt del mateix cardinal que $X$ juntament amb una funció bijectiva ${}^{-1} \colon X \to X^{-1}$, de manera que, per a tot $x \in X$, la imatge de $x$ per ${}^{-1}$ s'escriu $x^{-1}$. Amb aquests conjunts podem formar el monoide lliure ${(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$ els elements del qual són llistes finites d'elements de $X$ i de les seves inverses formals. Enfatitzem que els elements de $X^{-1}$ són inverses formals: si $X = \{a, b\}$, aleshores $b$, $aba^{-1}$, $ab$ i $aba^{-1}a$ són elements diferents en el monoide lliure ${(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$.

Afegirem dues convencions: abusant del llenguatge, si $a \in X^{-1}$ i $a = x^{-1}$ per a algun $x \in X$, aleshores $a^{-1}$ denotarà $x$, o sigui, de manera informal, el que feim és fer involutiva la funció ${}^{-1}$. D'altra banda, estendrem les inverses formals a les paraules. Per a la paraula buida definim $\varepsilon^{-1} = \varepsilon$, i si
\startformula
w=x_1 x_2 \ldots x_{k-1}x_k \in {(X \cup X^{-1})}^*,
\stopformula
aleshores $w^{-1}$ indicarà la paraula
\startformula
w^{-1} = x_k^{-1}x_{k-1}^{-1}\ldots x_2^{-1} x_1^{-1} \in {(X \cup X^{-1})}^*.
\stopformula
En poques paraules, amb aquestes convencions, hem aconseguit que ${}^{-1}$ sigui un morfisme en ${(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$ respecte de la concatenació de paraules.

Sobre ${(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$ definim la relació $\sim$ definida de la manera següent: dues paraules $u$, $v$ són equivalents, i.e., $u \sim v$, si, i només si, podem passar d'una a l'altra amb un nombre finit de passes del tipus següent:
\startitemize[n]
\item Reducció: l'eliminació d'una ocurrència de $xx^{-1}$, per a qualque $x \in X\cup X^{-1}$.
\item Amplificació: l'afegit d'una ocurrència de $xx^{-1}$, per a qualque $x \in X \cup X^{-1}$.
\stopitemize
És clar que $\sim$ és una relació d'equivalència. A més, preserva l'estructura de ${(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$: si $u_1 \sim u_2$ i $v_1 \sim v_2$, aleshores $u_1 \cdot v_1 \sim u_2 \cdot v_2$ i $u_1^{-1} \sim u_2^{-1}$. Per tot això, es pot veure fàcilment que ${(X \cup X^{-1})}^*/\sim$ és un grup (l'element neutre és $[\varepsilon]_\sim$ i la inversa de $[w]_\sim$ és $[w^{-1}]_\sim$). Anomenarem a aquest grup el {\em grup lliure de base $X$}\index{grup+lliure}, i l'indicarem amb $F(X)$\symbol{$F(X)$}. Si $X$ té només un sol element, aleshores $F(X) \cong \integers$, el qual és l'únic grup lliure abelià no trivial. Si $X = \emptyset$, aleshores $F(X) \cong \{1\}$.

Una paraula sobre $X \cup X^{-1}$ és {\em reduïda}\index{paraula+reduïda} si no conté cap ocurrència de la forma $xx^{-1}$, amb $x \in X \cup X^{-1}$. Qualsevol paraula que només conté una lletra i $aba^{-1}$ són paraules reduïdes. La paraula buida també és reduïda. En canvi $abb^{-1}b$ i $aba^{-1}abb^{-1}a^{-1}$ no són paraules reduïdes.

Donada una paraula $w \in {(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$, existeix una paraula reduïda $u$ tal que $w \sim u$, obtinguda aplicant un nombre finit de passes de reducció \cite[extras={, Lema~6.1}][grillet], la qual indicarem amb $red(w)$\symbol{$red(w)$}. A més, aquesta paraula és única, o sigui, no existeix cap altra paraula reduïda dins la classe d'equivalència de $w$ \cite[right={; }, extras={, Lema~6.4}][grillet]\cite[left=,extras={, Teorema~2.1.2}][robinson]. Això fa que el grup lliure $F(X)$ sigui isomorf al grup format pel conjunt de paraules reduïdes sobre $X \cup X^{-1}$ amb l'operació binària consistent en la concatenació de dues paraules reduïdes seguida de la reducció (per exemple, l'aplicació que envia cada paraula reduïda $u$ a la classe d'equivalència $[u]_\sim$ és un isomorfisme entre aquests grups).

Estrictament parlant $X$ no està inclòs dins $F(X)$, ara bé, tenim la inclusió natural $\eta$ de $X$ en $F(X)$ tal que $\eta(x) = [x]_\sim$, per a tot $x \in X$. A més, aquesta inclusió es pot estendre per a $X^{-1}$ de la forma $\eta(x^{-1}) = [x^{-1}]_\sim$, per a tot $x \in X$. Per construcció de $F(X)$, això fa que tot element de $F(X)$ es pugui posar com a producte de elements de $\eta(X)$ i els seus inversos, la qual cosa implica el resultat següent:

\starttheorem{\cite[right={; }, extras={, Proposició~6.6}][grillet]\cite[left=,extras={, Proposició~1.6}][cgt]}El grup lliure $F(X)$ està generat per $\eta(X)$.
\stoptheorem

Una propietat molt important que compleix el grup lliure, la qual el caracteritza, és la {\em propietat universal}\index{propietat universal}, que podem enunciar com el resultat següent:

\starttheorem{\cite[extras={, Teorema~6.7}][grillet]} Sigui $\eta \colon X \to F(X)$ la inclusió natural. Per a tota funció $f$ de $X$ a un grup qualsevol $G$, existeix un únic morfisme $\nu \colon F(X) \to G$ tal que $\nu \circ \eta = f$.
\stoptheorem

\startcorollary[thme:gruplliure-imatge]{\cite[grillet, robinson]} Sigui $G$ un grup generat per un conjunt $X$. Aleshores existeix un homomorfisme exhaustiu de $F(X)$ a $G$, o sigui, tot grup és imatge del grup lliure per a qualque homomorfisme.
\stopcorollary

Altres propietats interessants del grup lliure són les seguents:

\starttheorem{\cite[extras={, Teorema~2.1.3}][robinson]} Sigui $G$ un grup i $X$ un subconjunt de $G$. Si tot element $g$ de $G$ es pot escriure de forma única com a $g = x_1^{l_1} \ldots x_r^{l_r}$ amb $r \geq 0$, $x_i \in X$, $l_i \in \integers$ tals que $l_i \neq 0$ i $x_i \neq x_{i+1}$, per a tot $i \in \{0, \ldots, r\}$, aleshores $G$ és lliure de base $X$.
\stoptheorem

\starttheorem{\cite[extras={, Proposició~1.9}][cgt]} Sigui $X$ un subconjunt de $G$ tal que $X \cap X^{-1} = \emptyset$. Aleshores $X$ és una base d'un subgrup lliure de $G$ si, i només so, no hi ha cap producte de la forma $x_1 \ldots x_r$ que sigui trivial, amb $r \geq 1$, $x_i \in X \cup X^{-1}$ i $x_i \neq x_{i+1}^{-1}$, on $i \in \{0, \ldots, r\}$.
\stoptheorem

\starttheorem{\cite[robinson,cgt]}Siguin $X$, $Y$ conjunts qualssevol. Aleshores $F(X) \cong F(Y)$ si, i només si, $\lvert X \rvert = \lvert Y \rvert$.
\stoptheorem

Aquest darrer teorema permet definir el {\em rang d'un grup lliure}\index{grup+lliure+rang,} com el cardinal de qualsevol de les seves bases. En aquest sentit, indicarem amb $F_n$\symbol{$F_n$} el {\em grup lliure de rang $n$}.

Per últim, introduirem notació. Si $w$ és una paraula sobre $X \cup X^{-1}$, la {\em longitud reduïda} de $w$\index{longitud+reduïda d'una paraula}, que indicarem amb $\lvert w \rvert$\symbol{$\lvert w \rvert$}, és la longitud de la paraula reduïda de $w$, és a dir, $l(red(w))$. De forma òbvia tenim que, per a totes paraules $u, v$ sobre $X \cup X^{-1}$, $\lvert uv \rvert \leq \lvert u \rvert + \lvert v \rvert$. D'altra banda, si $v, w \in {(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$, aleshores direm que $v$ i $w$ són {\em iguals dins el grup lliure $F(X)$}\index{paraules+iguals dins el grup lliure} si $red(v) = red(w)$ o, equivalentment, si $[v]_\sim = [w]_\sim \in F(X)$.

\subsubsubject{Presentacions de grups}

Una presentació d'un grup és una generalització del concepte de taula de productes d'un grup. Donat un grup $G$, la  seva taula de valors proporciona informació sobre el resultat del producte entre dos elements qualssevol. Però, en aquesta taula, hi ha valors que són obvis (per exemple, sempre $g g^{-1} = 1$, per a tot $g \in G$) o que es poden deduir d'altres productes (per exemple, si $g^3 = 1$, aleshores $g^2 = g^{-1}$ per a tot $g \in G$). Per tant, hi ha certes relacions {\em importants} entre els elements d'un grup que el determinen. Intuïtivament, per exemple, la relació $a^n = 1$ determina el grup $\integers_n$. Ara bé, així com és important especificar les relacions que governen el grup, també ho és especificar el seus elements, ja que el grup $\integers_n \oplus \integers$ amb $a = (1,0)$ i $b = (0,1)$ també compleix que $a^n = 1$. Per tant, informalment, una presentació no serà res més que un conjunt d'elements, que direm {\em generadors}, i un conjunt de {\em relacions} entre ells.

Per definir formalment les presentacions de grups ens fa falta recordar què s'entèn per grup quocient.

\startdefinition
Sigui $G$ un grup i $N$ un subgrup normal de $G$. El {\em grup quocient de $G$ per $N$} (també anomenat {\em grup quocient de $G$ mòdul $N$})\index{grup+quocient}, que indicarem amb $G/N$\symbol{$G/N$}, és el grup format pels cosets de $N$, $\{g N \mid g \in G\}$, i el producte $\cdot$ definit com
\startformula
a N \cdot b N = ab N.
\stopformula
A més, l'aplicació $x \mapsto xN = Nx$ és un morfisme exhaustiu entre $G$ i $G/N$ el nucli del qual és $N$. Aquesta aplicació s'anomena {\em projecció canònica dins el grup quocient $G/N$}\index{grup+quocient+projecció canònica,}.%\cite[grillet]
\stopdefinition

D'ara en endavant, si $G$ és un grup i $X$ és un subconjunt de $G$, indicarem amb $\langle \langle X \rangle \rangle$\symbol{$\langle \langle X \rangle \rangle$} la {\em clausura normal de $X$ en $G$}\index{clausura normal}, és a dir, el subgrup normal més petit que conté $X$.


\startdefinition Una {\em presentació {\cal P} amb generadors $X$ i relacions $R$}\index{presentació}, que indicarem amb ${\cal P} = \langle X \mid R \rangle$\symbol{${\cal P} = \langle X \mid R \rangle$}, és un parell ordenat $(X, R)$, on $X$ és un conjunt qualsevol i $R \subseteq F(X) \times F(X)$ és una relació binària sobre el grup lliure $F(X)$. Una presentació defineix el grup quocient $F(X)/\langle \langle R_* \rangle \rangle$, que indicarem amb $G({\cal P})$, on 
\startformula
R_* = \{uv^{-1} \mid (u, v) \in R\} \subseteq F(X).
\stopformula

Dues presentacions ${\cal P}$ i ${\cal P'}$ són {\em equivalents}\index{presentació+equivalent} si els seus grups $G({\cal P})$ i $G({\cal P^\prime})$ són isomorfs. Freqüentment, per abús de llenguatge, s'identifica la presentació ${\cal P}$ i el seu grup $G({\cal P})$.
\stopdefinition

Per exemple, si $X = \{a \}$ i $R = \{(a^8,1) \mid a \in X\}$, aleshores $\langle X \mid R \rangle = \integers_8$ (realment el que passa és que el grup que representa aquesta presentació és isomorf a $\integers_8$).

Per comoditat, sovint s'abusa de la notació i s'escriuen els parells ordenats de la relació $R$ com una igualtat. Així, l'exemple anterior s'ecriuria com $\langle a \mid a^8 = 1\rangle$. A més, moltes vegades les relacions del tipus $u = v$ són escrites en la forma $uv^{-1} = 1$. Per exemple, $\langle a, b \mid ab = ba \rangle = \langle a, b \mid aba^{-1}b^{-1} = 1\rangle$ i $\langle a \mid a^8 = a^3\rangle = \langle a \mid a^5 = 1\rangle$.

\startdefinition Sigui $G$ un grup i ${\cal P} = \langle X \mid R\rangle$ una presentació. Direm que ${\cal P}$ és una {\em presentació de $G$}\index{presentació+d'un grup} si $G({\cal P}) \cong G$.
\stopdefinition

\startdefinition Una presentació ${\cal P} = \langle X \mid R\rangle$ és {\em finita}\index{presentació+finita} quan $X$ i $R$ són ambdós finits. I un grup $G$ és {\em finitament presentable}\index{grup+finitament presentat} si existeix una presentació finita de $G$.
\stopdefinition

Notem que, pel Corol·lari \in[thme:gruplliure-imatge], tenim que tot grup és imatge del grup lliure. Per tant, aplicant el Primer Teorema d'Isomorfia, tenim que tot grup és isomorf a un grup d'una presentació.

D'altra banda, la definició que hem donat és equivalent a una definició basada en relacions d'equivalència (amb una construcció anàloga del grup lliure): si $X$ és un conjunt qualsevol i $R$ és un subconjunt de  ${(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$, es pot definir la relació d'equivalència $\approx$ definida de la manera següent: dues paraules $u, v \in {(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$ són tals que $u \approx v$ si, i només si, es pot passar d'una a l'altra amb un nombre finit de passes del tipus següent:
\startitemize[n]
\item Reducció: l'eliminació d'una ocurrència de $xx^{-1}$, per a qualque $x \in X\cup X^{-1}$, o d'una ocurrència d'una relació $r \in R$.
\item Amplificació: l'afegit d'una ocurrència de $xx^{-1}$, per a qualque $x \in X \cup X^{-1}$, o d'una ocurrència d'una relació $r \in R$.
\stopitemize
Es pot veure que $\approx$ és d'equivalència i que $F(X)/\approx$ és un grup, que coincideix amb $G({\cal P})$ amb ${\cal P} = \langle X \mid R'\rangle$, on $R' = \{(red(r),1) \mid r \in R\} \subseteq F(X) \times F(X)$ \cite[magnus].

Tot seguit, oferim diverses presentacions dels grups més usuals:
\startitemize[n]
\item El grup lliure $F(X)$ té presentació $\langle X \mid \emptyset\rangle$. En particular $\integers$ té $\langle a \mid \emptyset \rangle$ com a presentació (recordem que $\integers$ és isomorf al grup lliure $F_1$ de rang $1$).
\item El grup $\integers$ (com els altres grups) també té altres presentacions menys {\em naturals}, com, per exemple, $\langle a, b \mid ababa = 1\rangle$ \cite[millerIII].
\item Qualsevol grup finit $G = \{a_1, \ldots, a_n\}$ té una presentació finita: la corresponent a agafar tots els seus elements com a generadors i totes les relacions de la taula de productes de $G$ (aquestes tenen la forma $a_i a_j = a_k$ i n'hi ha $n^2$).
\item $\integers_n \cong \langle a \mid a^n = 1 \rangle$.
\item $\integers \oplus \integers$ té $\langle a, b \mid ab = ba\rangle$ com a presentació.
\item Una presentació de $\integers_n \oplus \integers$ és $\langle a, b \mid a^n = 1\rangle$.
\item El grup dièdric $D_n$ d'ordre $2n$ té com a presentació
\startformula
\langle a, b \mid a^2 = 1, b^n = 1, a^{-1}ba = b^{-1} \rangle.
\stopformula
\item El grup trivial té com a presentacions
\startformula
\langle a, b \mid a^{-1} b a = b^2, b^{-1}a b=a^2 \rangle
\stopformula
i
\startformula
\langle a, b \mid a^{-1} b^n a = b^{n+1}, a = w \rangle,
\stopformula
on $w$ és una paraula sobre $\{a, b\}$ tal que la suma dels exponents de $a$ és 0 i $n > 0$ \cite[millerIII, millerIII-article]. Per tant, no és gens senzill saber si una presentació correspon al grup trivial.
\item Siguin $m, n \in \integers$. El {\em grup de Baumslag-Solitar}\index{grup+Baumslag-Solitar,}, que indicarem amb $BS(m,n)$\symbol{$BS(m,n)$}, és el subgrup del grup $\text{Homeo}(\reals)$ de les funcions homeomorfes de $\reals$ generat per les funcions lineals $a(x) = nx$ i $b(x) = x + m$ \cite[meier]. Aquest grup té com a presentació $\langle a, b\mid ab^m a^{-1}= b^n \rangle$.
\stopitemize

Finalment, notem que si ${\cal P} = \langle X \mid R\rangle$ és una presentació, aleshores tenim l'aplicació $\iota \colon X \rightarrow G({\cal P})$ definida com la composició $p \circ \eta$ de la inclusió natural $\eta \colon X \to F(X)$, tal que $\eta(x) = [x]$ per a tot $x \in X \cup X^{-1}$, i la projecció natural $p \colon F(X) \to F(X)/N$, on $N = \langle \langle R_* \rangle \rangle$, tal que $p([w]) = [w]N$, per a tot $[w] \in F(X)$. Aquesta aplicació es pot estendre a ${(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$ com
\startformula
\iota(w) = \iota(w_1) \cdots \iota(w_r) \in G({\cal P}),
\stopformula
per a tota paraula $w = w_1 \ldots w_r$ sobre $X \cup X^{-1}$.

\starttheorem Per a tota presentació {\cal P} = \langle X \mid R \rangle, $\iota(X)$ genera $G({\cal P})$.
\stoptheorem

\startdemo Sigui $g \in G({\cal P})$, aleshores $g = [w]N$ per a alguna paraula $w = w_1 \ldots w_r$ sobre $X \cup X^{-1}$. Per tant,
\startformula
g = [w_1 \ldots w_r]N = ([w_1]\cdots [w_r])N = [w_1]N \cdots [w_r]N.
\stopformula
Cada $w_i$ és de $X$ o de $X^{-1}$. Si $w_i = x^{-1}$ per a algun $x \in X$, aleshores $[w_i]N = [x^{-1}]N = [x]^{-1}N = \iota(x)^{-1}$. Per tant, $g$ es pot posar com a producte d'elements de $\iota(X)$ i els seus inversos.
\stopdemo

De forma habitual s'identifica $X$ amb $\iota(X)$, denotant els seus elements amb els mateixos símbols i, per tant, de forma freqüent es diu que $X$ {\em genera} $G({\cal P})$. Per exemple, pel grup $\integers \oplus \integers = \langle a, b \mid ab = ba \rangle$, identifiquem $a$ i $b$ amb $\iota(a)=(1,0)$ i $\iota(b) = (0,1)$.


\subsubsubject{El problema de la paraula}

Sigui $G$ un grup i $X$ un subconjunt de $G$. Aleshores l'aplicació $\pi \colon {(X \cup X^{-1})}^* \to G$\symbol{$\pi$} consistent a enviar cada lletra $x \in X$ a l'element corresponent $\pi(x) = x \in G$ es pot estendre de manera natural a totes les paraules de $X \cup X^{-1}$ de la forma següent:
\startitemize[n]
\item $\pi(x^{-1}) = \pi(x)^{-1}$ per a tot $x \in X$.
\item Per a tota paraula $w = w_1 \ldots w_r$ sobre $X \cup X^{-1}$,
\startformula
\pi(w) = \pi(w_1) \cdots \pi(w_r) \in G.
\stopformula
\stopitemize
Per tant, $\pi$ és un morfisme de monoides entre ${(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$ i $G$. De forma òbvia, si $X$ és un conjunt de generadors de $G$, aleshores $\pi$ és exhaustiva. En particular, si ${\cal P} = \langle X \mid R \rangle$ és una presentació, aleshores, com que $X$ és un conjunt de generadors de $G({\cal P})$%\footnote{Recordem que abusem del llenguatge, identificant $\iota(X)$ i $X$, i que, realment, $\iota(X)$ és el generador de $G(\cal{P})$.}
, llavors $\pi \colon {(X \cup X^{-1})}^* \to G({\cal P})$ és un morfisme exhaustiu.

\startdefinition Sigui $G$ un grup i ${\cal P} = \langle X \mid R\rangle$ és una presentació de $G$. Una paraula $w$ sobre $X \cup X^{-1}$ és {\em nul-homotòpica per ${\cal P}$}\index{paraula+nul-homotòpica per una presentació} si, i només si, $\pi(w) = 1 \in G$.
\stopdefinition

\startdefinition Sigui $G$ un grup i ${\cal P} = \langle x_1, \ldots, x_n \mid r_1, \ldots, r_k\rangle$ una presentació {\em finita} de $G$. El {\em problema de la paraula per a {\cal P}}\index{problema de la paraula+per una presentació finita} consisteix en trobar un algorisme que, donada una paraula $w \in {(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$, decideixi si $\pi(w) = 1$ o $\pi(w) \neq 1$.
\stopdefinition

\subsubject{Eines geomètrics per fer front al problema de la paraula}

Posar la proposició 2.2 de l'article de Joe.
\completepublications[criterium=cite] %all per tots

\title{Llista de símbols}
\placesymbol

\title{Índex alfabètic}
\placeindex

\stoptext

\startitemize[1]
\item $\pi(x^{-1}) = \pi(x)^{-1}$ per a tot $x \in X$.
\item Per a tota paraula $w = w_1 \ldots w_r$ sobre $X \cup X^{-1}$,
\startformula
\pi(w) = \pi(w_1) \cdots \pi(w_r) \in G.
\stopformula
\stopitemize

\startdefinition
Sigui $X$ un conjunt qualsevol i $R \subseteq F(X) \times F(X)$ una relació binària sobre el grup lliure $F(X)$. Una {\em presentació ${\cal P}$ amb generadors $X$ i relacions $R$}\index{presentació}, que indicarem amb ${\cal P} = \langle X \mid R \rangle$, és el grup quocient $F(X)/\langle \langle R_* \rangle \rangle$, on
\startformula
R_* = \{uv^{-1} \mid (u, v) \in R\} \subseteq F(X).
\stopformula
Quan ens convengui diferenciar entre la presentació com a un parell ordenat de símbols i el grup quocient en si, indicarem amb ${\cal P}$ la presentació i $G({\cal P})$ el grup que aquesta representa.
\stopdefinition

[-- Attachment #3: Type: text/plain, Size: 487 bytes --]

___________________________________________________________________________________
If your question is of interest to others as well, please add an entry to the Wiki!

maillist : ntg-context@ntg.nl / http://www.ntg.nl/mailman/listinfo/ntg-context
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___________________________________________________________________________________

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-22 17:29 I can't put footnote Xan
@ 2009-07-22 18:22 ` Hans Hagen
  2009-07-22 20:03   ` Xan
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 13+ messages in thread
From: Hans Hagen @ 2009-07-22 18:22 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: mailing list for ConTeXt users; +Cc: Xan

Xan wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> Anyone could help me please. I attach a document with I have problems.
> When I comment out the footnote in line 402, then I get an error.
> 
> Can anyone could see what happens?

it's the version info that is causing the trouble, comment that line

-----------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Hans Hagen | PRAGMA ADE
               Ridderstraat 27 | 8061 GH Hasselt | The Netherlands
      tel: 038 477 53 69 | fax: 038 477 53 74 | www.pragma-ade.com
                                              | www.pragma-pod.nl
-----------------------------------------------------------------
___________________________________________________________________________________
If your question is of interest to others as well, please add an entry to the Wiki!

maillist : ntg-context@ntg.nl / http://www.ntg.nl/mailman/listinfo/ntg-context
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wiki     : http://contextgarden.net
___________________________________________________________________________________


^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-22 18:22 ` Hans Hagen
@ 2009-07-22 20:03   ` Xan
  2009-07-22 20:27     ` Hans Hagen
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 13+ messages in thread
From: Xan @ 2009-07-22 20:03 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Hans Hagen; +Cc: mailing list for ConTeXt users

En/na Hans Hagen ha escrit:
> Xan wrote:
>> Hi,
>>
>> Anyone could help me please. I attach a document with I have problems.
>> When I comment out the footnote in line 402, then I get an error.
>>
>> Can anyone could see what happens?
>
> it's the version info that is causing the trouble, comment that line
No, with the version line commented I get the same error:

 Presentacions de grups
[3.3] [4.4] [5.5]
subsubsubject   : - El problema de la paraula
! Missing number, treated as zero.
<to be read again>
                   [
\setcounter ...name #1\endcsname {\the \numexpr #2
                                                  \relax }
\footnote ->\setnote [
                      \v!footnote ]
l.402 ...t de generadors de $G({\cal P})$\footnote
                                                  {Recordem que abusem 
del l...

? x


Why?

Thanks for helping me,
Xan.
___________________________________________________________________________________
If your question is of interest to others as well, please add an entry to the Wiki!

maillist : ntg-context@ntg.nl / http://www.ntg.nl/mailman/listinfo/ntg-context
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archive  : https://foundry.supelec.fr/projects/contextrev/
wiki     : http://contextgarden.net
___________________________________________________________________________________


^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-22 20:03   ` Xan
@ 2009-07-22 20:27     ` Hans Hagen
  2009-07-22 20:40       ` Xan
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 13+ messages in thread
From: Hans Hagen @ 2009-07-22 20:27 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Xan; +Cc: mailing list for ConTeXt users

Xan wrote:

> No, with the version line commented I get the same error:

i don't get that error so i need a smaller test file

Hans

-----------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Hans Hagen | PRAGMA ADE
               Ridderstraat 27 | 8061 GH Hasselt | The Netherlands
      tel: 038 477 53 69 | fax: 038 477 53 74 | www.pragma-ade.com
                                              | www.pragma-pod.nl
-----------------------------------------------------------------
___________________________________________________________________________________
If your question is of interest to others as well, please add an entry to the Wiki!

maillist : ntg-context@ntg.nl / http://www.ntg.nl/mailman/listinfo/ntg-context
webpage  : http://www.pragma-ade.nl / http://tex.aanhet.net
archive  : https://foundry.supelec.fr/projects/contextrev/
wiki     : http://contextgarden.net
___________________________________________________________________________________


^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-22 20:27     ` Hans Hagen
@ 2009-07-22 20:40       ` Xan
  2009-07-23  6:40         ` Hans Hagen
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 13+ messages in thread
From: Xan @ 2009-07-22 20:40 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Hans Hagen; +Cc: mailing list for ConTeXt users

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 243 bytes --]

En/na Hans Hagen ha escrit:
> Xan wrote:
>
>> No, with the version line commented I get the same error:
>
> i don't get that error so i need a smaller test file
>
> Hans
>
I hope this serves you. Now I have another error. What fails???

Xan.


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\subsubsubject{El problema de la paraula}

Sigui $G$ un grup i $X$ un subconjunt de $G$. Aleshores l'aplicació $\pi \colon {(X \cup X^{-1})}^* \to G$\symbol{$\pi$} consistent a enviar cada lletra $x \in X$ a l'element corresponent $\pi(x) = x \in G$ es pot estendre de manera natural a totes les paraules de $X \cup X^{-1}$ de la forma següent:
\startitemize[n]
\item $\pi(x^{-1}) = \pi(x)^{-1}$ per a tot $x \in X$.
\item Per a tota paraula $w = w_1 \ldots w_r$ sobre $X \cup X^{-1}$,
\startformula
\pi(w) = \pi(w_1) \cdots \pi(w_r) \in G.
\stopformula
\stopitemize
Per tant, $\pi$ és un morfisme de monoides entre ${(X \cup X^{-1})}^*$ i $G$. De forma òbvia, si $X$ és un conjunt de generadors de $G$, aleshores $\pi$ és exhaustiva. En particular, si ${\cal P} = \langle X \mid R \rangle$ és una presentació, aleshores, com que $X$ és un conjunt de generadors de $G({\cal P})%$\footnote{Recordem que abusem del llenguatge, identificant $\iota(X)$ i $X$, i que, realment, $\iota(X)$ és el generador de $G(\cal{P})$.}
, llavors $\pi \colon {(X \cup X^{-1})}^* \to G({\cal P})$ és un morfisme exhaustiu.

\stoptext

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^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-22 20:40       ` Xan
@ 2009-07-23  6:40         ` Hans Hagen
  2009-07-23 10:29           ` Xan
  2009-07-23 10:36           ` Xan
  0 siblings, 2 replies; 13+ messages in thread
From: Hans Hagen @ 2009-07-23  6:40 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Xan; +Cc: mailing list for ConTeXt users

Xan wrote:
> En/na Hans Hagen ha escrit:
>> Xan wrote:
>>
>>> No, with the version line commented I get the same error:
>>
>> i don't get that error so i need a smaller test file
>>
>> Hans
>>
> I hope this serves you. Now I have another error. What fails???

you have a dollar wrong around

$G({\cal P})$ % \footnote{Recordem que abusem del llenguatge, 
identificant $\iota(X)$ i $X$, i que, realment, $\iota(X)$ és el 
generador de $G(\cal{P})$.}

and so you end up in math mode where soms restrictions apply

mtxrun --script check yourfile.tex



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^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-23  6:40         ` Hans Hagen
@ 2009-07-23 10:29           ` Xan
  2009-07-23 10:50             ` Hans Hagen
  2009-07-23 10:36           ` Xan
  1 sibling, 1 reply; 13+ messages in thread
From: Xan @ 2009-07-23 10:29 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Hans Hagen; +Cc: mailing list for ConTeXt users

En/na Hans Hagen ha escrit:
> Xan wrote:
>> En/na Hans Hagen ha escrit:
>>> Xan wrote:
>>>
>>>> No, with the version line commented I get the same error:
>>>
>>> i don't get that error so i need a smaller test file
>>>
>>> Hans
>>>
>> I hope this serves you. Now I have another error. What fails???
>
> you have a dollar wrong around
>
> $G({\cal P})$ % \footnote{Recordem que abusem del llenguatge, 
> identificant $\iota(X)$ i $X$, i que, realment, $\iota(X)$ és el 
> generador de $G(\cal{P})$.}
>
> and so you end up in math mode where soms restrictions apply
>
> mtxrun --script check yourfile.tex
>

In ubuntu 8.04, I ger:
mtxrun --script check memoria.context

MtxRun | unknown script: check

But what's the wrong dollar???? Sorry but I don't see it.

Xan.
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^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-23  6:40         ` Hans Hagen
  2009-07-23 10:29           ` Xan
@ 2009-07-23 10:36           ` Xan
  2009-07-23 10:49             ` Hans Hagen
  1 sibling, 1 reply; 13+ messages in thread
From: Xan @ 2009-07-23 10:36 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Hans Hagen; +Cc: mailing list for ConTeXt users

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 99 bytes --]

Hans,

I can't do footnote with the most simple file, that I attach.
Why.

I'm desesperated.

Xan.

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^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-23 10:36           ` Xan
@ 2009-07-23 10:49             ` Hans Hagen
  2009-07-23 10:57               ` Xan
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 13+ messages in thread
From: Hans Hagen @ 2009-07-23 10:49 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Xan; +Cc: mailing list for ConTeXt users

Xan wrote:
> Hans,
> 
> I can't do footnote with the most simple file, that I attach.
> Why.
> 
> I'm desesperated.

seems that you're running mkii ...

the following is not permitted as 'note' is actually the internal 
footnote class so you basically redefine footnote (footnotes happen to 
be notes in the footer)

\defineenumeration
   [note]
   [definition]
   [text={Nota},style=tf,titlestyle=bf,indenting=yes]

so, use something else than note

(mkiv is not so sensitive for this as there notes are enumerations whils 
in mkii only the rendering of the note is a description)

Hans



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               Ridderstraat 27 | 8061 GH Hasselt | The Netherlands
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                                              | www.pragma-pod.nl
-----------------------------------------------------------------
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^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-23 10:29           ` Xan
@ 2009-07-23 10:50             ` Hans Hagen
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 13+ messages in thread
From: Hans Hagen @ 2009-07-23 10:50 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Xan; +Cc: mailing list for ConTeXt users

Xan wrote:

> But what's the wrong dollar???? Sorry but I don't see it.

you had %$ instead of $%

-----------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Hans Hagen | PRAGMA ADE
               Ridderstraat 27 | 8061 GH Hasselt | The Netherlands
      tel: 038 477 53 69 | fax: 038 477 53 74 | www.pragma-ade.com
                                              | www.pragma-pod.nl
-----------------------------------------------------------------
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If your question is of interest to others as well, please add an entry to the Wiki!

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^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-23 10:49             ` Hans Hagen
@ 2009-07-23 10:57               ` Xan
  2009-07-23 11:17                 ` Peter Münster
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 13+ messages in thread
From: Xan @ 2009-07-23 10:57 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Hans Hagen; +Cc: mailing list for ConTeXt users

En/na Hans Hagen ha escrit:
> Xan wrote:
>> Hans,
>>
>> I can't do footnote with the most simple file, that I attach.
>> Why.
>>
>> I'm desesperated.
>
> seems that you're running mkii ...
>
> the following is not permitted as 'note' is actually the internal 
> footnote class so you basically redefine footnote (footnotes happen to 
> be notes in the footer)
>
> \defineenumeration
>   [note]
>   [definition]
>   [text={Nota},style=tf,titlestyle=bf,indenting=yes]
>
> so, use something else than note
>
> (mkiv is not so sensitive for this as there notes are enumerations 
> whils in mkii only the rendering of the note is a description)
>
> Hans
Thank you very much, Hans. This is definitely the reason of that error.
The conclusion is that we always should define command with non-english 
names ;-)

And yes, I have mkii. Sorry. I should mentioned it.


Xan.
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^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-23 10:57               ` Xan
@ 2009-07-23 11:17                 ` Peter Münster
  2009-07-23 12:15                   ` luigi scarso
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 13+ messages in thread
From: Peter Münster @ 2009-07-23 11:17 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: mailing list for ConTeXt users

On Thu, 23 Jul 2009, Xan wrote:

> Thank you very much, Hans. This is definitely the reason of that error.
> The conclusion is that we always should define command with non-english
> names

Or uppercase names (as suggested in the manual)!
Cheers, Peter

-- 
Contact information: http://pmrb.free.fr/contact/


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^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

* Re: I can't put footnote
  2009-07-23 11:17                 ` Peter Münster
@ 2009-07-23 12:15                   ` luigi scarso
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 13+ messages in thread
From: luigi scarso @ 2009-07-23 12:15 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: mailing list for ConTeXt users


[-- Attachment #1.1: Type: text/plain, Size: 380 bytes --]

On Thu, Jul 23, 2009 at 1:17 PM, Peter Münster <pmlists@free.fr> wrote:

> On Thu, 23 Jul 2009, Xan wrote:
>
> > Thank you very much, Hans. This is definitely the reason of that error.
> > The conclusion is that we always should define command with non-english
> > names
>
> Or uppercase names (as suggested in the manual)!
> Cheers, Peter

or camel case
-- 
luigi

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[-- Attachment #2: Type: text/plain, Size: 487 bytes --]

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___________________________________________________________________________________

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 13+ messages in thread

end of thread, other threads:[~2009-07-23 12:15 UTC | newest]

Thread overview: 13+ messages (download: mbox.gz / follow: Atom feed)
-- links below jump to the message on this page --
2009-07-22 17:29 I can't put footnote Xan
2009-07-22 18:22 ` Hans Hagen
2009-07-22 20:03   ` Xan
2009-07-22 20:27     ` Hans Hagen
2009-07-22 20:40       ` Xan
2009-07-23  6:40         ` Hans Hagen
2009-07-23 10:29           ` Xan
2009-07-23 10:50             ` Hans Hagen
2009-07-23 10:36           ` Xan
2009-07-23 10:49             ` Hans Hagen
2009-07-23 10:57               ` Xan
2009-07-23 11:17                 ` Peter Münster
2009-07-23 12:15                   ` luigi scarso

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