Abhinav -- it is still done today.   For Intel's MKL we must have a team of programmers that specialize in writing math at the lowest levels.  DEC, CDC, Cray, IBM did the same thing back in the day.   Check out:  Intel Math Kernel Library (a.k.a. MKL).  

On Sat, Oct 19, 2019 at 2:34 PM Abhinav Rajagopalan <abhinavrajagopalan@gmail.com> wrote:
Forgive me for both hijacking this thread, and to address my amateurish gnawing concern, but how was it be possible to write differential/integral equations at an assembly/machine level at the time, especially in machines such as the PDP-7 and such which had IIRC just 16 instructions and operated on the basis of mere words, especially the floating point math being done. Surmising from some personal experience that writing mathematical programs is hard even now, although there exist certain functional paradigms, and specialised environments such as MATLAB or Mathematica. The complexity seems to remain the same if not more now, due to the vast oodles of data to handle stemming from the nature of the world.

Were they loaded as just words as any other instruction or were there separate coprocessors that did the number crunching? I'm guessing Fortran-ish kind of implementations were done, but the hardware level computation itself I just can't process.

It just blows my mind now thinking backwards in terms of those monster machines being loaded with trails of paper tape instructions to play Space Travel. Being born in the late 90's doesn't help me too.

Also, on a related note, don't know if you've watched the interview of Ken done by Brian at the Vintage Comptuer Federation 2019, there might be a few surprises lurking around the middle of that when they discuss pipes and grep. 

Thank you!

On Sat, Oct 19, 2019 at 8:11 PM Doug McIlroy <doug@cs.dartmouth.edu> wrote:
I was about to add a footnote to history about
how the broad interests and collegiality of
Bell Labs staff made Space Travel work, when
I saw that Ken beat me to telling how he got
help from another Turing Award winner.

> while writing "space travel,"
> i could not get the space ship integration
> around a planet to keep from either gaining or
> losing energy due to floating point errors.
> i asked dick hamming if he could help. after
> a couple hours, he came back with a formula.
> i tried it and it worked perfectly. it was some
> weird simple double integration that self
> corrected for fp round off. as near as i can
> ascertain, the formula was never published
> and no one i have asked (including me) has
> been able to recreate it.

If I remember correctly, the cause of Ken's
difficulty was not roundoff error. It
was discretization error in the integration
formula--probably f(t+dt)=f(t)+f'(t)dt.
Dick saw that the formula did not conserve
energy and found an alternative that did.


--

Abhinav Rajagopalan