Amen Doug. On Tue, Dec 8, 2020 at 11:36 PM M Douglas McIlroy < m.douglas.mcilroy@dartmouth.edu> wrote: > To paraphrase John Cocke (speaking about Fortran): one must understand > that Unix commands are not a logical language. They are a natural > language--in the sense that they developed by organic evolution, not > "intelligent design". > But I offer a suggestion that another dimension that should be forgotten in time scale and the economics within. When things evolve they do so on different clocks that are not necessarily linear. *i.e. *what was 'better' (winning) today, but might not be considered so tomorrow, however could yet prove otherwise sometime later. I use programming languages as a great example... There was a huge C vs Pascal debate, that C 'won' - but I've always said the rise of C++ came from the Pascal folks that could say "C didn't win." From the ashes of C++ we have Java, Go, and Rust. My point is that "intelligent design" doesn't necessarily guarantee goodness or for that matter,complete logical thinking. My own take on this is what I call "Cole's Law" *Simple economics always beats sophisticated architecture.* What you call *organic evolution* is what I think of what makes the *best economic sense* for the user and that is a function of the time scale and available resources at the time of creation/deployment. Clem