From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=0.0 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED, HTML_MESSAGE,MAILING_LIST_MULTI,MIME_HTML_ONLY,MIME_HTML_ONLY_MULTI, MIME_QP_LONG_LINE,MPART_ALT_DIFF autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 13779 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 00:31:47 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 00:31:47 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6D4AE423FA; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 10:31:34 +1000 (AEST) Received: from pb-smtp2.pobox.com (pb-smtp2.pobox.com [64.147.108.71]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 7FDD5423EE for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 10:31:26 +1000 (AEST) Received: from pb-smtp2.pobox.com (unknown [127.0.0.1]) by pb-smtp2.pobox.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id AF51217A7EE for ; Wed, 25 Jan 2023 19:31:25 -0500 (EST) (envelope-from joseph@josephholsten.com) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed; d=pobox.com; h= content-type:content-transfer-encoding:from:mime-version:date :subject:message-id:to; s=sasl; bh=04Tt8z57pV3/m4Q/hJCxhYu3PZcEM y/ya+5JRDz7Hg0=; b=lbZvX2dNE4Bm4O8H9oUHFfvsN87SpskyjUe1uF4uXD4JC g6UNQyOgAsBpxiPfyAA+7i1ZEwURerFZ0D9YuCl9iXCOf9PhhrOES2uhs79HQY6v cADBNvNsQplO7CxXujqf/dCBr0S9IWOsQOkX8wgSWF1icUGdHKbs49qZdh4pQs= Received: from pb-smtp2.nyi.icgroup.com (unknown [127.0.0.1]) by pb-smtp2.pobox.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id A1BE217A7ED for ; Wed, 25 Jan 2023 19:31:25 -0500 (EST) (envelope-from joseph@josephholsten.com) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed; d=josephholsten.com; h=content-type:content-transfer-encoding:from:mime-version:date:subject:message-id:to; s=mesmtp; bh=04Tt8z57pV3/m4Q/hJCxhYu3PZcEMy/ya+5JRDz7Hg0=; b=ZxKOjr960IOWYnlsGS+JOktQgdSxLXQ+zO6bjo5q4STVUI0AuSwGNfbtJcpCIDsh2r2ru/RfBDLwIyYOWMxhr9Czrb8APsDvfCKwAQ5SWUz8Hk38WA1b+OP8/XS24WPPgsN/TY5KAxdPfSDat7uzF5TV2r9NXEUzsdo5/viE0OM= Received: from smtpclient.apple (unknown [98.59.217.194]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by pb-smtp2.pobox.com (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id A2D6817A7E9 for ; Wed, 25 Jan 2023 19:31:24 -0500 (EST) (envelope-from joseph@josephholsten.com) Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary=Apple-Mail-22261B71-47DA-4F34-BF62-B4F10F089E33 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit From: Joseph Holsten Mime-Version: 1.0 (1.0) Date: Wed, 25 Jan 2023 16:31:12 -0800 Message-Id: To: tuhs@tuhs.org X-Mailer: iPhone Mail (20C65) X-Pobox-Relay-ID: C3B53456-9D10-11ED-A4EC-307A8E0A682E-15777318!pb-smtp2.pobox.com Message-ID-Hash: XHLZFKI5MTCUD7JWZHCZ3XN7UE6ELWOJ X-Message-ID-Hash: XHLZFKI5MTCUD7JWZHCZ3XN7UE6ELWOJ X-MailFrom: joseph@josephholsten.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: --Apple-Mail-22261B71-47DA-4F34-BF62-B4F10F089E33 Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable It seems like there are bountiful articles a= ble the decline and fall of the UNIX workstation, but I=E2=80=99ve had a har= d time finding narrative about workstations prior to the Stanford SUN workst= ation.

* was the SUN-1 the first commercially successful p= roduct? What are the =E2=80=9Cit depends=E2=80=9D edge cases?
* we= re there common recipes for proto-workstations within academic or industrial= research? What did those look like, who was involved?
* What do I= really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a PDP-11 with a s= ingle terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is it the integration o= f display into the system that differentiates? 

--
= --Apple-Mail-22261B71-47DA-4F34-BF62-B4F10F089E33-- From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-1.1 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_SIGNED,DKIM_VALID, DKIM_VALID_AU,HTML_MESSAGE,MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 16263 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 00:51:50 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 00:51:50 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 9AC8542408; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 10:51:28 +1000 (AEST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=tuhs.org; s=dkim; t=1674694288; h=from:from:reply-to:reply-to:subject:subject:date:date: message-id:message-id:to:to:cc:cc:mime-version:mime-version: content-type:content-type:in-reply-to:in-reply-to: references:references:list-id:list-help:list-owner:list-unsubscribe: list-subscribe:list-post; bh=J0kAiop9jaASSOqzyvXgkQHYlJ6v37gbc7UfjjRUZoc=; b=NjA5T0rtdiJv5+ocU8TqeiaM1S63l+tWvxQbBNpGwcrHUaxbfoV3+ltnH7oeAsfjJP2Jv1 lwT2EbryPcTrX/bjgVRjVIDUnaevlbrJCisdOTkfnav76ox9SI1kDGzjBwu6zzyMaZkH1q mhDcCM4+DcGoIojAt7tDFx2sY3JZ754= Received: from mail-4324.protonmail.ch (mail-4324.protonmail.ch [185.70.43.24]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id DDDA4423EE for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 10:51:20 +1000 (AEST) Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 00:51:07 +0000 DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=protonmail.com; s=protonmail3; t=1674694278; x=1674953478; bh=J0kAiop9jaASSOqzyvXgkQHYlJ6v37gbc7UfjjRUZoc=; h=Date:To:From:Cc:Subject:Message-ID:In-Reply-To:References: Feedback-ID:From:To:Cc:Date:Subject:Reply-To:Feedback-ID: Message-ID:BIMI-Selector; b=MgR0reHwXCcH1zOkmM0+Vzayf+YELXq4qpQnlbIw4c2FzYPD6abhRzDv08bUHCeiO NAwrejIjVQ5j43ohIvTVe5Fh3LYI/B3abvizk4VlMLYdqNVXv6I56W6/fvlkkv5vsi I1zWv95vfEu18jVuPndyv/sh8/cF7Vv15HbWNcuIItWRorufeVhvY4mvkTOINFTW7x 8pwNn1VSPRWOUEl1SWf/w2R8pE2OBbeyQ7JUuf65fQUP3OFdC5wGqzfDAfKnSTNbj7 cZlm95rvmb8SHXSMVSCNu8UO+4XHCWzIpk22zVQVUXDjYswhF86GtrYPp+70fXd+Hh X/W7BR/EsmcRg== To: Joseph Holsten Message-ID: In-Reply-To: References: Feedback-ID: 35591162:user:proton MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="b1_tXFJ0mZl6UMgr4BpRuA0yGC9tv3owWxrgAS7LBOA" Message-ID-Hash: RDSUU7T7QAVQK66FXAV3O3N2VVXBTJ5L X-Message-ID-Hash: RDSUU7T7QAVQK66FXAV3O3N2VVXBTJ5L X-MailFrom: segaloco@protonmail.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: tuhs@tuhs.org X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? 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no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: tuhs@tuhs.org X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: --Apple-Mail-0254F9C2-E9FA-48A2-B254-527B25B27DE5 Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
The= re was quite a lot of early activity of course!
Essent= ially all of computer science academia was aware of the Xerox Alto, although= it wasn't a commercial product and wasn't Unix.

<= /div>
Jim Morris left PARC and went off to CMU and began tal= king up the idea of the "3M" workstation.  One MIPs, One Megabyte of RA= M, and One Million Pixels.  

One of the early commercial attempts was the Three Rivers PERC (or PER= Q?) from the Pittsburgh startup.  There were Unix adjacent systems as w= ell, such as Apollo Domain.

Of course then Sun got started, and MIPS, and the IBM RT and VaxStations so= by the mid '80s it was quite crowded.

There is a whole other arc about the graphics workstations, with S= GI, Ardent, Stellar, Stardent, and so on.

Also, before graphics became affordable, there were various c= lustered character generator based systems like Convergent Technologies.

-L

<= blockquote type=3D"cite">On Jan 25, 2023, at 7:31 PM, Joseph Holsten <jos= eph@josephholsten.com> wrote:

=EF=BB=BFIt seems like there are bountiful articles able= the decline and fall of the UNIX workstation, but I=E2=80=99ve had a hard t= ime finding narrative about workstations prior to the Stanford SUN workstati= on.

* was the SUN-1 the first commercially successful pro= duct? What are the =E2=80=9Cit depends=E2=80=9D edge cases?
* were= there common recipes for proto-workstations within academic or industrial r= esearch? What did those look like, who was involved?
* What do I r= eally mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a PDP-11 with a sin= gle terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is it the integration of= display into the system that differentiates? 

= --
= --Apple-Mail-0254F9C2-E9FA-48A2-B254-527B25B27DE5-- From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-1.0 required=5.0 tests=HTML_MESSAGE, MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 18193 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 01:06:49 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 01:06:49 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id B4C2B42410; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 11:06:43 +1000 (AEST) Received: from mout.perfora.net (mout.perfora.net [74.208.4.197]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 64CA24240E for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 11:06:39 +1000 (AEST) Received: from makerlispvps ([74.208.29.250]) by mrelay.perfora.net (mreueus002 [74.208.5.2]) with ESMTPSA (Nemesis) id 0LsSYo-1oetDq2Nlw-0122DV for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 02:06:38 +0100 Received: from [192.168.234.128] (unknown [172.58.76.44]) by makerlispvps (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 006418887B for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 01:06:37 +0000 (UTC) To: tuhs@tuhs.org References: From: Luther Johnson Message-ID: Date: Wed, 25 Jan 2023 18:06:36 -0700 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:45.0) Gecko/20100101 Thunderbird/45.8.0 MIME-Version: 1.0 In-Reply-To: Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="------------1D1C0B1EB1FD215B2E1328C4" X-Provags-ID: V03:K1:ODVcUbWM9utwlnAyqII+GkuhQ/Lukty6msSTP3Aybga76xw0Ooy H/9WmGHNakChNx348P9fI3Go07m1d8W7ZH4cFjZi/l1Gi4RygQsAf5pQpn9qp8aN4A77Ow+ cS4wlZEKQsOOY90K29b87yaVuDbfYWX3oA9B8WJ1q4yDnDbKcoP0DyU0DvLee3T5Ed79+Om 55hVrbW6nhB2HVrtQmtrg== UI-OutboundReport: notjunk:1;M01:P0:2pgDZPZFKN0=;EddmbAz8UEwndK2qZtiz0LJ5AQD 8LU6nVIO7VjSDFh07EuAciYulgFbvFhGejM3MwnxpXTh4yFmCjS8dBYfqc0yqQ8R3h3Fj2CZg 6hdcaEaHqbWJPxs8ddDrFAG/U2Qe+CgD6Umd/HuqMQDfxblZNMGV9uyg2sQ2r1mvHqrPdrPRU vDlEiJhssEb1s7gEOYQWQZS9KubvveCwFnY94BLbE4wviwXmtMs5sR8mGeKwufVmrIWNd/68a 2DG7VXb3BvX1f20TmE3TwBs/cCprNgAp3KV2Q2DGvtlWJH1DO9O2wudvykdZtKrL3u57wuvRz adO8BbopT5uZ3PxiEGmBsMx7AorZIyASy2uQVriId5VTGygMYz0R5Q5Hc8kEdgAuquenHWQ/r /NzGzkdndh+SpEXk2ArVfYYWSaaWDCNkY64oh4ipDhlDSgUmIrvOiHFA9X8R46ecft0caL3xO ofPLhdYNxG+2x1p72/ZycCE/43AR9pmzQYM46XQNuILOP5sk3v7z5u7FuLHxd93ffGKO2OU/u xL1LnGa8nuxAAYfnZGWKuidXc3H0/Y2tESsEBPt4gs65zaxi6cxGed7GVp/PdLQzSoNoJ0UYV gzuj7bhkv311ldXkRmwqu7ZdifvWsoufWQOplecR/D3SnLhTY+5EGG6qFkjqonxvnkFuxqrDQ +wvk7JS7HjZQfXGtyFdSlV8DxGlRvkM0kwoe16yB7g== Message-ID-Hash: II3Z7O6QJQPJR55XSBPJB2VMTA5A5CC5 X-Message-ID-Hash: II3Z7O6QJQPJR55XSBPJB2VMTA5A5CC5 X-MailFrom: luther@makerlisp.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? 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Date: Wed, 25 Jan 2023 20:12:27 -0500 Message-ID: To: Joseph Holsten Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="000000000000e0664d05f3207118" Message-ID-Hash: I3FBWBNDYU2SHBPYE4RR2Q34XX6NRG3B X-Message-ID-Hash: I3FBWBNDYU2SHBPYE4RR2Q34XX6NRG3B X-MailFrom: pugs78@gmail.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: tuhs@tuhs.org X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: --000000000000e0664d05f3207118 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable I believe the term "workstation" came from the integrated interactive engineering design terminals/systems. Can't remember details, but companies like ComputerVision had had them before UNIX and 68000 were a thing, On Wed, Jan 25, 2023 at 7:31 PM Joseph Holsten wrote: > It seems like there are bountiful articles able the decline and fall of > the UNIX workstation, but I=E2=80=99ve had a hard time finding narrative = about > workstations prior to the Stanford SUN workstation. > > * was the SUN-1 the first commercially successful product? What are the > =E2=80=9Cit depends=E2=80=9D edge cases? > * were there common recipes for proto-workstations within academic or > industrial research? What did those look like, who was involved? > * What do I really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a > PDP-11 with a single terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is i= t > the integration of display into the system that differentiates? > > -- > Joseph Holsten > http://josephholsten.com > mailto:joseph@josephholsten.com > tel:+1-360-927-7234 <(360)%20927-7234> > --000000000000e0664d05f3207118 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
I believe the term "workstation" came from the i= ntegrated interactive engineering design terminals/systems.=C2=A0 Can't= remember details, but companies like ComputerVision had had them before UN= IX and 68000 were a thing,

On Wed, Jan 25, 2023 at 7:31 PM Joseph Holsten &l= t;joseph@josephholsten.com&= gt; wrote:
It seems like there are bountiful articles able the decline an= d fall of the UNIX workstation, but I=E2=80=99ve had a hard time finding na= rrative about workstations prior to the Stanford SUN workstation.

<= /div>
* was the SUN-1 the first commercially successful product? What a= re the =E2=80=9Cit depends=E2=80=9D edge cases?
* were there comm= on recipes for proto-workstations within academic or industrial research? W= hat did those look like, who was involved?
* What do I really mea= n by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a PDP-11 with a single term= inal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is it the integration of displa= y into the system that differentiates?=C2=A0

--000000000000e0664d05f3207118-- From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-0.8 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED, MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 19300 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 01:15:58 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 01:15:58 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id CF4B642416; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 11:15:35 +1000 (AEST) Received: from fourwinds.com (075-142-133-254.biz.spectrum.com [75.142.133.254]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id F08BC4240F for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 11:15:28 +1000 (AEST) Received: from darkstar.fourwinds.com (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by darkstar.fourwinds.com (8.17.1/8.17.1) with ESMTP id 30Q1FPAM101449 for ; Wed, 25 Jan 2023 17:15:26 -0800 DKIM-Filter: OpenDKIM Filter v2.11.0 darkstar.fourwinds.com 30Q1FPAM101449 DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=fourwinds.com; s=default; t=1674695726; bh=YHCy3u6xGpOq/pQETKAt0MMV7cE/PxB1KKSy6Kh5e/g=; h=From:To:Subject:In-reply-to:References:Date:From; b=T0LQ4Wi1P8Ei959Vfk0xjnXpNI3puzTlrYKyQHZwOeFtFewZTOjXo5WnRNxvy0TNs MQ6PNVPI79TMerrqA4nqvqmvTGCDQz8W03zukZTswQVgUjlVR006T1d0HJbm17jSfL XTiqtDV1hTZzGecwdHe1KqfUVTi1hLH9DmPGhrhw= Received: from darkstar (jon@localhost) by darkstar.fourwinds.com (8.17.1/8.15.2/Submit) with ESMTP id 30Q1FPuS101446 for ; Wed, 25 Jan 2023 17:15:25 -0800 Message-Id: <202301260115.30Q1FPuS101446@darkstar.fourwinds.com> From: Jon Steinhart To: tuhs@tuhs.org In-reply-to: References: Comments: In-reply-to Luther Johnson message dated "Wed, 25 Jan 2023 18:06:36 -0700." MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-ID: <101444.1674695725.1@darkstar> Date: Wed, 25 Jan 2023 17:15:25 -0800 X-JON-SPAM: local delivery Message-ID-Hash: 3S6OR5RBQZFUYKG7RJLLFF7IMAKJEFSZ X-Message-ID-Hash: 3S6OR5RBQZFUYKG7RJLLFF7IMAKJEFSZ X-MailFrom: jon@fourwinds.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: Luther Johnson writes: > I think what made 'workstations' different was: > > 1) You had your own computer, you were not just using a terminal connected to a > computer, that was time-shared with a bunch of other users While it wasn't UNIX but a stupidly lost market opportunity the Tektronix 4051 was one of the first workstations. 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List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: On Jan 25, 2023, at 4:31 PM, Joseph Holsten = wrote: >=20 > It seems like there are bountiful articles able the decline and fall = of the UNIX workstation, but I=E2=80=99ve had a hard time finding = narrative about workstations prior to the Stanford SUN workstation. >=20 > * was the SUN-1 the first commercially successful product? What are = the =E2=80=9Cit depends=E2=80=9D edge cases? Nope, Apollo and the Three Rivers PERQ both predate Sun. And while one = can certainly question PERQ's commercial success I don't think one can = question Apollo's=E2=80=94they were done in by HP's purchase, not by = market forces. Apollo Aegis wasn't actually UNIX, but was very UNIX-like since it was = designed by people who had worked at Prime on PrimOS and on MULTICS = before that. And later releases provided more specifically UNIX-style = environments for users as an alternative to Aegis. The Three Rivers PERQ had several different environments available, = including multiple UNIX implementations. > * were there common recipes for proto-workstations within academic or = industrial research? What did those look like, who was involved? They mostly looked like the Xerox Alto, once it made waves in the = research community. > * What do I really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had = a PDP-11 with a single terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? = Is it the integration of display into the system that differentiates?=20 I think "a graphical system intended to be used by a professional to use = in their work" is a good starting point for a definition. I should check = at home tonight how "A History of Personal Workstations" defines it. = Note that I wouldn't necessarily require a workstation to be primarily = used by a single user; lots of 1970s CAD systems supported multiple user = workstations on a single computer. -- Chris From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-0.8 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED, HTML_MESSAGE,MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 32541 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 07:22:04 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 07:22:04 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 14AF04242E; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 17:21:59 +1000 (AEST) Received: from mail-vs1-f41.google.com (mail-vs1-f41.google.com [209.85.217.41]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 74A2D4242C for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 17:21:52 +1000 (AEST) Received: by mail-vs1-f41.google.com with SMTP id 3so1050143vsq.7 for ; Wed, 25 Jan 2023 23:21:52 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=ccil-org.20210112.gappssmtp.com; s=20210112; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=MmQGUj6iwPOvgC7qgQI7Y03gVEPeESQ+mqrKdJczgRs=; b=AvCnopitny5Rwlnl0n4djEOe1r+dvF/TO3lWUp37hHrgfD4rmXm8lCNXaoENMvcMgq 5tQsX9dRSspj9d3zAa+fWqpYxcoc1I1XtxT6vhUW5CTcxOqeaELSKoA0F84wmd2LUoYh HW5/5g/r32SQ7bNOwwNeRXNLHHfaabG5Y+We5B3jECDhKWO9B3ai/7PLu05r/Z4fuWyA 1IOtcj0GBwc0xKViJ5wcIYQe82S5W7E+SGKzhDz/47VzsOfLML21bmBmV4XUpUB2T2yA hiHHlO+2mWZoKzbyZE3oVPrMzXxM8CbvGMcBZA5pBUPkE+L0b1qq270GBk59W/JigbPC KL+w== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20210112; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id :reply-to; bh=MmQGUj6iwPOvgC7qgQI7Y03gVEPeESQ+mqrKdJczgRs=; b=xER+UN18ixu0nwJoLL6Pk4LULk9O1yW/yTIgQNv/JYOMCYB1Hrvo6RS0ubb9DBX8wh zXWrrbxWpnZbrORLX2Wocaa6jSEyUh5kx0sp4K0w/KuZW5giSdC1LQXCHZGZ4E9x6xRR fDi6DdOi8JdjVNPKFzTFUue/BaEzEeelgXReBICpmWOF64iXskuU6Kw+7ei6wHxIMyOZ nqAPhWai7r5vI2U9N8Buv6YkXFAji6kwu+2fp2/aueCOaqlnZ3ZyoiyFB+djEK4a2/8H lch5I7zvhaUZd7jo1q16vwziRlw3htF3s7i6Y8MMsNxXp9IA9ZvJvFDeaiX2AnU37zZh M/Rg== X-Gm-Message-State: AFqh2kp0Oh0p5l2mT2tqPZBAmhtm7UreLRN2gQzHwxNPIjhVyeoipbkV bMnDJvGf4xxmyQcjrt9i59tJ/B7DCtVCAxzm0qaDkw== X-Google-Smtp-Source: AMrXdXsyOWUQJbMJwpHNeg/2+fazCjIiA/ldEzto2IhJY/CVeB+3Kyi4UlIlZCgLEGCkWHp6yp31atRFLvBqqDd65/I= X-Received: by 2002:a67:f75a:0:b0:3bb:958e:973b with SMTP id w26-20020a67f75a000000b003bb958e973bmr4897968vso.25.1674717651434; Wed, 25 Jan 2023 23:20:51 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 References: In-Reply-To: From: John Cowan Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 02:20:40 -0500 Message-ID: To: Chris Hanson Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="000000000000b692c005f32596fa" Message-ID-Hash: CPWTO6WQFQEKNRGTDYH3BA4ELMM744PW X-Message-ID-Hash: CPWTO6WQFQEKNRGTDYH3BA4ELMM744PW X-MailFrom: cowan@ccil.org X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: Joseph Holsten , tuhs@tuhs.org X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: --000000000000b692c005f32596fa Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" On Wed, Jan 25, 2023 at 8:47 PM Chris Hanson wrote: > > * What do I really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a > PDP-11 with a single terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is it > the integration of display into the system that differentiates? > > I think "a graphical system intended to be used by a professional to use > in their work" is a good starting point for a definition. I should check at > home tonight how "A History of Personal Workstations" defines it. > WP says the Terak 8510/a was the first graphical workstation; it came out in 1976-77 and ran the UCSD p-System. I had never heard of it before. The first *personal* workstation (non-graphical) was probably the IBM 1620 (aka the CADET system, "Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try") from 1959. --000000000000b692c005f32596fa Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable


On We= d, Jan 25, 2023 at 8:47 PM Chris Hanson <cmhanson@eschatologist.net> wrote:
=C2= =A0
> * What do I= really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a PDP-11 with a = single terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is it the integratio= n of display into the system that differentiates?

I think "a graphical system intended to be used by a professional to u= se in their work" is a good starting point for a definition. I should = check at home tonight how "A History of Personal Workstations" de= fines it.

WP says= the Terak 8510/a was the first graphical workstation; it came out in 1976-= 77 and ran the UCSD p-System.=C2=A0 I had never heard of it before. The fir= st *personal* workstation (non-graphical) was probably the IBM 1620 (aka th= e CADET system, "Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try") from 1959.=
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List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: On 2023-01-25 19:31, Joseph Holsten wrote: > * What do I really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a > PDP-11 with a single terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is > it the integration of display into the system that differentiates? I remember people calling something a workstation, if it has the four "M" at least 1 MByte memory at least 1 megapixel display at least 1 mbit/s network can't remember the fourth(was there a fourth?) From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-0.8 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_ADSP_CUSTOM_MED, DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED,FREEMAIL_FROM,HTML_MESSAGE,MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 21250 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 10:01:03 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 10:01:03 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id CCD9F42445; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 20:00:28 +1000 (AEST) Received: from mail-vs1-f44.google.com (mail-vs1-f44.google.com [209.85.217.44]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 8BDB84243D for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 20:00:12 +1000 (AEST) Received: by mail-vs1-f44.google.com with SMTP id k6so1406646vsk.1 for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 02:00:12 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20210112; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=RjML7Tw4I3OoYaqpCmKAWvv0AwTxLK6n0V1alLswSKw=; b=LNd1021FWvEbJylvVtVKqFhec44Cev8yU/dvbjH/TEikfb9/RHVO5LbAqP35aNvGm6 561m0Psa9i9y8fzwg2zUgBpQo4SKbwxKKuE6UMVxtvHiYgAe1AiT1fm0O3Ib0fRaWqoj M5CfS7HXof86rC4gTZxLZrZ3SQICoocHnS8ek3qu1f4f1sw5BiJjm5Q1dLAWZGh7wRLA ExrdMEVTc2FHx7DoBamRu/4UjlplgMhs2GOCClTJn3t9IESiLsvFptoS6o0pQ6iOqrdo /VjWd9mMVTV+PTPL6AcmEGHFjk2hmEv4YPOvscbwU2AVBj0Tgmf8oe8QqDfMAoV1z6kb 1Kiw== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20210112; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id :reply-to; bh=RjML7Tw4I3OoYaqpCmKAWvv0AwTxLK6n0V1alLswSKw=; b=t+0DL8JltsVcrTzfET6PlPDTjQX9GLfqhcUijDQzrKJ1SsElUQyeobRdoEJCVM19ub 4RoNtCOIuZWw6eLwF4WLyk2mgy93jpEBzvMTCJ+VZgjo2Dbi3ifgYGspQnwKcib+EOz/ RHJ7X4KA5Gz0KDVTOWXhTOsbJjVmtUfPtyayfd8zDq27ybNkTzy838QTYkeIzvGKISCX aAC3YS1jXAeXCW9EKH0XBfi/gDDnbRwQeT+NNQZvtP7ukh7jLjBNaeC3BxCwu3kvHH9l hWx6qGy+kDY5XqhHf7QQvUgvqfAtEj1Nd82kSjQ4ApkRFX/F7dYCtq+25mf68N32aqrM Rhhg== X-Gm-Message-State: AO0yUKUxSzm+8MHrusfeobUcoAf4bqZj8WXwDANQME3QwJM9q8SLLqcG H/UoFYU721ccO6gNXQJWU54UbOyISMHHBtTKXMG1ih+89FA= X-Google-Smtp-Source: AK7set9nHiMCMTPvm1to6Pg0QfzkavPX/VKB2ONsxWwEfOCnN4034pDCW+iY/St1EFauYUSPBELEjCcJlmWul6SAKTo= X-Received: by 2002:a67:e111:0:b0:3eb:73da:8612 with SMTP id d17-20020a67e111000000b003eb73da8612mr147835vsl.19.1674727146223; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 01:59:06 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 References: In-Reply-To: From: Rob Pike Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 20:58:55 +1100 Message-ID: To: emanuel stiebler Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="000000000000a57d4c05f327cccf" Message-ID-Hash: NJHAREZMTQ3KUUIZQOJKPAEZ4BK5WX6S X-Message-ID-Hash: NJHAREZMTQ3KUUIZQOJKPAEZ4BK5WX6S X-MailFrom: robpike@gmail.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: Joseph Holsten , tuhs@tuhs.org X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: --000000000000a57d4c05f327cccf Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" at least 1 million words of marketing? -rob On Thu, Jan 26, 2023 at 8:54 PM emanuel stiebler wrote: > On 2023-01-25 19:31, Joseph Holsten wrote: > > > * What do I really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a > > PDP-11 with a single terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is > > it the integration of display into the system that differentiates? > > I remember people calling something a workstation, > if it has the four "M" > > at least 1 MByte memory > at least 1 megapixel display > at least 1 mbit/s network > can't remember the fourth(was there a fourth?) > > --000000000000a57d4c05f327cccf Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
at least 1 million words of marketing?

-rob


On Thu, Jan = 26, 2023 at 8:54 PM emanuel stiebler <= emu@e-bbes.com> wrote:
On 2023-01-25 19:31, Joseph Holsten wrote:

> * What do I really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had = a
> PDP-11 with a single terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? I= s
> it the integration of display into the system that differentiates?

I remember people calling something a workstation,
if it has the four "M"

at least 1 MByte memory
at least 1 megapixel display
at least 1 mbit/s network
can't remember the fourth(was there a fourth?)

--000000000000a57d4c05f327cccf-- From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-1.1 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_SIGNED,DKIM_VALID, DKIM_VALID_AU,MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 22388 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 10:10:19 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 10:10:19 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id DAD4F4070B; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 20:10:13 +1000 (AEST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=tuhs.org; s=dkim; t=1674727814; h=from:from:reply-to:reply-to:subject:subject:date:date: message-id:message-id:to:to:cc:cc:mime-version:mime-version: content-type:content-type:in-reply-to:in-reply-to: references:references:list-id:list-help:list-owner:list-unsubscribe: list-subscribe:list-post; bh=dC/+09L7pjc7LvmKbgeEVc0Oa50f5yVOuDhiwzF/3b0=; b=dwSchgcxMWuKLGY/4cZGvpMXCUGoibPzaEBoxS6Qyz7Q5ZgcZrIJrxNQ5DNGzXxHNiZeYY FxH/YiXM2CeydFaGvw5d5vkVdW2gFDzGKUCndGwxHzj7cLlKiSyVF3f8qc2KaKhzAsuoXZ 9+a4gONvtpLjWFDKragTNi1PqA7AvVc= Received: from ewsoutbound.kpnmail.nl (unknown [195.121.94.168]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 89F344070B for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 20:09:56 +1000 (AEST) X-KPN-MessageId: 8d2f560c-9d61-11ed-a1d8-005056aba152 Received: from smtp.kpnmail.nl (unknown [10.31.155.39]) by ewsoutbound.so.kpn.org (Halon) with ESMTPS id 8d2f560c-9d61-11ed-a1d8-005056aba152; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 11:09:42 +0100 (CET) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=xs4all.nl; s=xs4all01; h=to:message-id:date:from:subject:mime-version:content-type; bh=dC/+09L7pjc7LvmKbgeEVc0Oa50f5yVOuDhiwzF/3b0=; b=HZsSQHf49Md3ABEnMcM4RcJPlYeWd5pqGKrZUT0QqhzY6gb+L3d8hy65n6ZO/btp+T0PKNp+unl/9 MPW635i5OBaFel8uaRKxans3YQwZcarzKsHZaIs23JObtl6N2fSpXbG9NtN1LQbXyW63Hatj+VIPeC 4dXg3qFr3knKxcjj/dWBXoF3OY/aPzrKtVddcDU5uKFPvLVWc4XQ4FBgwJRquXhPynIjT5eh+OdWea zVFjc7mpQd2+tHsj5P9jKkWl1Pxznht1c4SIaGE/3z8JUwcnMvWyxo2YbqtxZA3Kvk9gy/rmnUT3AJ k80T6iagnmp62bNbTokDIt3cUVUuviw== X-KPN-MID: 33|bZRHQEmkodK+J5Vnw9sITU+qQRlkOToA42SkSRCC7usB8U3TaygeyKWwkCQeqPH tT57w5AHWqEOG6hmtiXe0yw== X-KPN-VerifiedSender: Yes X-CMASSUN: 33|sU27av0HOp7aQHcL7nEkRIxF8Zna+JiOnnBPZ6+xIviEH1XyVSD9H2JNNRNJuiK DW17MnQy1/U6HzFeIV6/oXw== X-Originating-IP: 31.151.65.212 Received: from smtpclient.apple (31-151-65-212.dynamic.upc.nl [31.151.65.212]) by smtp.xs4all.nl (Halon) with ESMTPSA id 8e26e6a3-9d61-11ed-ab4c-005056ab7447; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 11:09:44 +0100 (CET) Content-Type: multipart/signed; boundary="Apple-Mail=_76A74E06-FC71-4A14-95C1-E242A2326A00"; protocol="application/pgp-signature"; micalg=pgp-sha1 Mime-Version: 1.0 (Mac OS X Mail 16.0 \(3731.300.101.1.3\)) In-Reply-To: Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 11:09:33 +0100 Message-Id: References: To: emanuel stiebler X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.3731.300.101.1.3) Message-ID-Hash: RN6AGE2U2NPIYKSMN3VBFC4EKRGRPCIN X-Message-ID-Hash: RN6AGE2U2NPIYKSMN3VBFC4EKRGRPCIN X-MailFrom: jaapna@xs4all.nl X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: Joseph Holsten , tuhs@tuhs.org X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: From: Jaap Akkerhuis via TUHS Reply-To: Jaap Akkerhuis --Apple-Mail=_76A74E06-FC71-4A14-95C1-E242A2326A00 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii > can't remember the fourth(was there a fourth?) Mips --Apple-Mail=_76A74E06-FC71-4A14-95C1-E242A2326A00 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=signature.asc Content-Type: application/pgp-signature; name=signature.asc Content-Description: Message signed with OpenPGP -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Comment: GPGTools - http://gpgtools.org Comment: no-use-standard-socket iF0EARECAB0WIQQrCaF5s4l4c+dDH/sjEcdY8Kh9hQUCY9JRXQAKCRAjEcdY8Kh9 hV+kAJ9vN+c6QF9/akjQEjK3J7Zb5E3xPACeJB/GdHGhyahI0c+jj9guXuZ/3Cs= =DXdU -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- --Apple-Mail=_76A74E06-FC71-4A14-95C1-E242A2326A00-- From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-0.8 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_ADSP_CUSTOM_MED, DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED,FREEMAIL_FROM,HTML_MESSAGE,MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 14670 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 13:27:33 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 13:27:33 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id A050C4247A; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 23:26:59 +1000 (AEST) Received: from mail-oa1-f43.google.com (mail-oa1-f43.google.com [209.85.160.43]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id B46D84246F for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 23:26:54 +1000 (AEST) Received: by mail-oa1-f43.google.com with SMTP id 586e51a60fabf-1442977d77dso2326679fac.6 for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 05:26:54 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20210112; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=dhYfnd8YSDYHhwOjg79zJUon5koZrmk3rPW9yiqQqGE=; b=NHbz2g5xBpnIIjjs6WRjG0jYaYCIJtbIJ/4h40wxaET03iOJZ/Xszokbg+BPBCoGUq KtwXk0W/1FJ5hIVGyvXP1OjAzAw3W2xZ7EOGqErsa42ak44AEYStl24KRUZPq5DJha9v aB2mH+k9qWAtvHgezBQc8405jItofFoxjLwyXMOS32ae1upNV99oaBU6ErpKnsdaEpKs faXJIOry/2w14HmG7PejLVZyUbEqUZFlMBDehh7spl3Aers91V70aLVph15Tui41swoQ 6TnfU7dYMJsCXMsze47S9GFKruOpEfOPd65oPryXibnYefdlGZqMCRyInO/QCQXK0pax 8dHg== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20210112; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id :reply-to; bh=dhYfnd8YSDYHhwOjg79zJUon5koZrmk3rPW9yiqQqGE=; b=n42yxckeDloUVgRNtjjEFrPwGybLyNTmj5mt5bEGdADBxUtgG22iNXGpLPeVq0+eGs CCRLfMh4t3pJ8LGBsOKzXYw8GLWK9iBqEpqNMLak1eUfI9c47OfD2MMVEEjo2zJR7QhU PyGyr/bYhx4Ql73TbSFsCWWRsGu0wpk4G4CpbGSSOUOJTOhe4FY3lPPMr2jtPU/iI2tx 7OyaxTj9atN8D1nTd8JSz2FFUs9JMyF5aZ3P8UdICwDZvY0SAkQT73MFfpzni7N6pPGR 06JZ3fsrNPl3kSUCrkZwpVYGILR5kpHYM87zgk12XOUmNIOOBldzioXumXDdsPdKnndl 8utQ== X-Gm-Message-State: AO0yUKXslGb/3cw5LShIa+htVct8rxNlpBRwFRZPF7vEzt9ckgTAD3Dz TB9ZzyPuU06o4g6am9AoMWgY9g0aNTqHZaL3uDzXZ28v X-Google-Smtp-Source: AK7set+dbA7Gk8Lqv2ZsXTOKxB2PUfbc9PPa6uPlGfgJ2D6YyQDriR2TzTrH20Iu+R+b9ROJygecy9lU4+asijJ3dKM= X-Received: by 2002:a05:6870:e2d4:b0:163:4ef8:dc1a with SMTP id w20-20020a056870e2d400b001634ef8dc1amr178709oad.175.1674739553777; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 05:25:53 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <23432965-52D6-4331-A4D8-8A6FDDB3F751@serissa.com> In-Reply-To: <23432965-52D6-4331-A4D8-8A6FDDB3F751@serissa.com> From: Marc Donner Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 08:25:43 -0500 Message-ID: To: Larry Stewart Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="00000000000031c02e05f32ab030" Message-ID-Hash: 5J5L35LSPDXMBATL5GOHHIX6NREIZXSC X-Message-ID-Hash: 5J5L35LSPDXMBATL5GOHHIX6NREIZXSC X-MailFrom: marc.donner@gmail.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: Joseph Holsten , tuhs@tuhs.org X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: --00000000000031c02e05f32ab030 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable PERQ There was some talk of making Unix run on it, but POS (PERQ-OS) was written in Pascal and there was no reasonable way to port over all of the existing stuff without rewriting it all. I had a PERQ in my office for a while =E2= =80=A6 it put out so much heat and noise that my officemates lobbied to have me evicted. On Wed, Jan 25, 2023 at 8:01 PM Larry Stewart wrote: > There was quite a lot of early activity of course! > Essentially all of computer science academia was aware of the Xerox Alto, > although it wasn't a commercial product and wasn't Unix. > > Jim Morris left PARC and went off to CMU and began talking up the idea of > the "3M" workstation. One MIPs, One Megabyte of RAM, and One Million > Pixels. > > One of the early commercial attempts was the Three Rivers PERC (or PERQ?) > from the Pittsburgh startup. There were Unix adjacent systems as well, > such as Apollo Domain. > > Of course then Sun got started, and MIPS, and the IBM RT and VaxStations > so by the mid '80s it was quite crowded. > > There is a whole other arc about the graphics workstations, with SGI, > Ardent, Stellar, Stardent, and so on. > > Also, before graphics became affordable, there were various clustered > character generator based systems like Convergent Technologies. > > -L > > On Jan 25, 2023, at 7:31 PM, Joseph Holsten > wrote: > > =EF=BB=BFIt seems like there are bountiful articles able the decline and = fall of > the UNIX workstation, but I=E2=80=99ve had a hard time finding narrative = about > workstations prior to the Stanford SUN workstation. > > > * was the SUN-1 the first commercially successful product? What are the > =E2=80=9Cit depends=E2=80=9D edge cases? > * were there common recipes for proto-workstations within academic or > industrial research? What did those look like, who was involved? > * What do I really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a > PDP-11 with a single terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is i= t > the integration of display into the system that differentiates? > > -- > Joseph Holsten > http://josephholsten.com > mailto:joseph@josephholsten.com > tel:+1-360-927-7234 <(360)%20927-7234> > > -- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D nygeek.net mindthegapdialogs.com/home --00000000000031c02e05f32ab030 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
PERQ

T= here was some talk of making Unix run on it, but POS (PERQ-OS) was written = in Pascal and there was no reasonable way to port over all of the existing = stuff without rewriting it all.=C2=A0 I had a PERQ in my office for a while= =E2=80=A6 it put out so much heat and noise that my officemates lobbied to= have me evicted.

On Wed, Jan 25, 2023 at 8:01 PM Larry Stewart <stewart@serissa.com> wrote:
<= /div>
There was quite a lot of early activity of course!
Essentially all of computer science academia was aware of the Xerox Alto= , although it wasn't a commercial product and wasn't Unix.

Jim Morris left PARC and went off = to CMU and began talking up the idea of the "3M" workstation.=C2= =A0 One MIPs, One Megabyte of RAM, and One Million Pixels. =C2=A0

One of the early commercial attempt= s was the Three Rivers PERC (or PERQ?) from the Pittsburgh startup.=C2=A0 T= here were Unix adjacent systems as well, such as Apollo Domain.

Of course then Sun got started, and M= IPS, and the IBM RT and VaxStations so by the mid '80s it was quite cro= wded.

There is a whole oth= er arc about the graphics workstations, with SGI, Ardent, Stellar, Stardent= , and so on.

Also, before = graphics became affordable, there were various clustered character generato= r based systems like Convergent Technologies.

-L

= On Jan 25, 2023, at 7:31 PM, Joseph Holsten <joseph@josephholsten.com> wrote:<= br>
=EF=BB= =BFIt seems like there are bountiful articles able the decline and fall of = the UNIX workstation, but I=E2=80=99ve had a hard time finding narrative ab= out workstations prior to the Stanford SUN workstation.
<= /div>

=
* was the SUN-1 the first commercially successful product? What = are the =E2=80=9Cit depends=E2=80=9D edge cases?
* were there com= mon recipes for proto-workstations within academic or industrial research? = What did those look like, who was involved?
* What do I really me= an by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a PDP-11 with a single ter= minal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is it the integration of displ= ay into the system that differentiates?=C2=A0

--
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
nygee= k.net
--00000000000031c02e05f32ab030-- From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-1.0 required=5.0 tests=MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 18912 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 13:58:28 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 13:58:28 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4005B4247E; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 23:58:22 +1000 (AEST) Received: from freefriends.org (freefriends.org [96.88.95.60]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 7AF2A4247D for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 23:58:13 +1000 (AEST) X-Envelope-From: arnold@skeeve.com Received: from freefriends.org (freefriends.org [96.88.95.60]) by freefriends.org (8.14.7/8.14.7) with ESMTP id 30QDw30t019681 (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 bits=256 verify=NOT); Thu, 26 Jan 2023 06:58:03 -0700 Received: (from arnold@localhost) by freefriends.org (8.14.7/8.14.7/Submit) id 30QDw29t019680; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 06:58:02 -0700 From: arnold@skeeve.com Message-Id: <202301261358.30QDw29t019680@freefriends.org> X-Authentication-Warning: frenzy.freefriends.org: arnold set sender to arnold@skeeve.com using -f Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 06:58:02 -0700 To: stewart@serissa.com, marc.donner@gmail.com References: <23432965-52D6-4331-A4D8-8A6FDDB3F751@serissa.com> In-Reply-To: User-Agent: Heirloom mailx 12.5 7/5/10 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Message-ID-Hash: 6ZRNL2CP3RNTKNM52PQXSB7ZPOKQS45D X-Message-ID-Hash: 6ZRNL2CP3RNTKNM52PQXSB7ZPOKQS45D X-MailFrom: arnold@skeeve.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: tuhs@tuhs.org, joseph@josephholsten.com X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? 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26 Jan 2023 15:16:27 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 15:16:27 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 59EB742485; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 01:16:20 +1000 (AEST) Received: from mail-vs1-f41.google.com (mail-vs1-f41.google.com [209.85.217.41]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id A9FD842483 for ; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 01:16:14 +1000 (AEST) Received: by mail-vs1-f41.google.com with SMTP id i185so2201065vsc.6 for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 07:16:14 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=ccc.com; s=google; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=uY40nj3K1EA3sore0/bR2yzaXMr06rHMKlxjgUKcstw=; b=iWErNehjCTM0IQm8LKktptoP0Cgw97xhKpaaLASDjOA6zyc2nBOqJp0HWBNOB+EM6p ISMy7ayTEbR/RW/U41+qx1eQ5NRegHUlU2ik4UC+G2qhbQPEXhJaPbzLnac3AQommztF zPzRMsJuyjs1oqAol/DSGj2rvaZ0PPxeMaVvI= X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20210112; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id :reply-to; bh=uY40nj3K1EA3sore0/bR2yzaXMr06rHMKlxjgUKcstw=; b=mLuOUt9XL78IoqrwdQ1ue78BXt9MDC4XyLfdKQZSRIWcM7QIlPt/Byc4e1shu/2HDn lfu2O3irzXdfnGb/2vkqobazH74ugP4HEuZV057AenJLyjFjedrbFsBit6sO5E3SWB8X i8tLbjIpsGPsOeORo1VqFr3T6TC7LNamMKPbJTUOXDvVgaeh0bcdlyE5zxnUnCK8hEhE ZppQtUC83d/5aVEAZOf4IK/KpiSr0i/NpEdFTJMFWbMj9POKJLThVShoXy5GS5fEaEkf ipkapjrt8FCskMTLx9ylqk/htLJ8IzOLgj+z9S+v+1RUw/rzo8x40LHRIRkteJn8mCsH LHog== X-Gm-Message-State: AFqh2kp8H8UZt4iwoUWyXLnt/PDy96bphkfqWOgXOxSZgO5yV7LHgoHj MQsT0D+gdgp5empm6AA8OZSsHBPlAxoXmKLU1GYjrd1DZblcG4RVBKo= X-Google-Smtp-Source: AMrXdXsnzUfA6+uCS2o89ibhPPr8gn8oKB9T9bzN5K2YfCzl6o2lOY62m/As5AsjjJsupPW/IKCdmpp7imcVs3jwJ0s= X-Received: by 2002:a05:6102:3386:b0:3b2:a92d:a1f0 with SMTP id i6-20020a056102338600b003b2a92da1f0mr4930275vsh.46.1674746113621; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 07:15:13 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 References: In-Reply-To: From: Clem Cole Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 10:14:47 -0500 Message-ID: To: Joseph Holsten Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="000000000000311a9c05f32c371c" Message-ID-Hash: B7VZM2S7SJFUBRJDFLYF36DMPJQTKOSG X-Message-ID-Hash: B7VZM2S7SJFUBRJDFLYF36DMPJQTKOSG X-MailFrom: clemc@ccc.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: tuhs@tuhs.org X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: --000000000000311a9c05f32c371c Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Check out: Magnolia - The Tektronix Unix Personal Computer September 1980 This redates - Sun or Apollo, but not the Perq - a.k.a. the 'Pascalto' Magonila was done in Tek Labs and it eventually birthed Tek Workstation Division which was a complete failure, although did Tek eventually commercialized the Magnolia as the Tek 4404 -- a Smalltalk system (which you can so a web search). One of the Busines Schools (HBS I think) wrote a study about it called 'Why Skunks Don't Work." =E1=90=A7 On Wed, Jan 25, 2023 at 7:32 PM Joseph Holsten wrote: > It seems like there are bountiful articles able the decline and fall of > the UNIX workstation, but I=E2=80=99ve had a hard time finding narrative = about > workstations prior to the Stanford SUN workstation. > > * was the SUN-1 the first commercially successful product? What are the > =E2=80=9Cit depends=E2=80=9D edge cases? > * were there common recipes for proto-workstations within academic or > industrial research? What did those look like, who was involved? > * What do I really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a > PDP-11 with a single terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is i= t > the integration of display into the system that differentiates? > > -- > Joseph Holsten > http://josephholsten.com > mailto:joseph@josephholsten.com > tel:+1-360-927-7234 <(360)%20927-7234> > --000000000000311a9c05f32c371c Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Check out:=C2=A0Magnolia - The Tektronix Unix Personal Computer Septem= ber 1980
This redates - Sun or Apollo, but not=C2=A0the Perq - = a.k.a. the 'Pascalto'

Magonila was done in Tek= Labs and it eventually birthed Tek Workstation=C2=A0Division which was a c= omplete failure, although did Tek eventually commercialized the Magnolia as= the Tek 4404 -- a Smalltalk system (which you can so a web search).=C2=A0 = One of the Busines=C2=A0Schools=C2=A0(HBS I think) wrote a study about it c= alled 'Why Skunks Don't Work."
3D""=E1=90=A7<= /div>
O= n Wed, Jan 25, 2023 at 7:32 PM Joseph Holsten <joseph@josephholsten.com> wrote:
It seems like = there are bountiful articles able the decline and fall of the UNIX workstat= ion, but I=E2=80=99ve had a hard time finding narrative about workstations = prior to the Stanford SUN workstation.

* was the SUN-1 t= he first commercially successful product? What are the =E2=80=9Cit depends= =E2=80=9D edge cases?
* were there common recipes for proto-works= tations within academic or industrial research? What did those look like, w= ho was involved?
* What do I really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. I= f an installation had a PDP-11 with a single terminal and operator, is it n= ot a workstation? Is it the integration of display into the system that dif= ferentiates?=C2=A0

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List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: From: John Foust via TUHS Reply-To: John Foust At 01:20 AM 1/26/2023, John Cowan wrote: >WP says the Terak 8510/a was the first graphical workstation; it came out = in 1976-77 and ran the UCSD p-System.=C2 I had never heard of it before.=20 I have a dozen or so Teraks (a PDP-11/03 based system) as well as=20 many floppies and other inherited items and notebooks from one=20 of the Terak founders. This may seem like a lot but there's another=20 guy who might still have a larger collection. Mini-Unix is described here: http://www.tavi.co.uk/unixhistory/mini-unix.html Sixth edition, no MMU. The Bell memo there is dated January 1977. =20 There was a Mini-Unix for the Terak described here in May 1979 but=20 I don't think I have a copy. See page 14... =20 https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/159028/UCC_Special%20_Is= sue_May_1979.pdf?sequence=3D1&isAllowed=3Dy Terak floppies are described here: =20 http://www.60bits.net/msu/mycomp/terak/termedia.htm A memo there says they got their copy in April 1980. There's no indication that this Mini-Unix can *use* the Terak's mono=20 bitmapped display, short of writing your own routines. Pinning "first" on computers is always a tricky process. - John From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-0.8 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_ADSP_CUSTOM_MED, DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED,FREEMAIL_FROM,MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 18501 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 18:00:19 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 18:00:19 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 50449424B0; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 04:00:07 +1000 (AEST) Received: from mail-pg1-f174.google.com (mail-pg1-f174.google.com [209.85.215.174]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id A699E424A7 for ; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 03:59:52 +1000 (AEST) Received: by mail-pg1-f174.google.com with SMTP id e10so1570360pgc.9 for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 09:59:52 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20210112; h=content-transfer-encoding:in-reply-to:from:references:to :content-language:subject:user-agent:mime-version:date:message-id :from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=wbuVn0RzhnnaT1aOMjSwy/IwRV+xwroKpB19nlHLlls=; b=qK+3oKNdPUhhtksaoy/EUA7/rJxnML3xETniLy5FXW7yu3qR8EYPc60iYpts9mSfmO dlXAIG8pYYh/hva/BzOg+F7IN9IyMFL/xSrrI55R4b34gO4cSsXJ9wUi81KqQ4YHyzEP hHWaGajOaLjF4kEs3AlFZ+4eBGGRWWeCQuwLQ9nR0KLHhdc68BRDuIR4RF3fw5aFnc5q vN0mmrn5+jw4jEJId5VwRs6N3TMIBkcxadJeEWqCsp4pMYuEQL3HUzDmtGQ1kFA0HVMg ciokt3qyNI6xg4UnCj5x3Dk1ozkFbAPQIe/PxY+rHJvPmnziNL7AnDiUpX7QInEXYCms cQUg== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20210112; h=content-transfer-encoding:in-reply-to:from:references:to :content-language:subject:user-agent:mime-version:date:message-id :x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=wbuVn0RzhnnaT1aOMjSwy/IwRV+xwroKpB19nlHLlls=; b=WQM2l9/SW3PrfRXxSM8IbFGy+v0TCU8CUNMK0l3HXnDJDd4su2R0h+OoTXUqhiY1kq 4J9+RyGEfWVe4I3G8yeMwI3IlCth6GrDhINsysEVJA9jCd3zyFC7Hjicy/bhS+nko283 tV/7nU13PdjYRLkunKJgkLe1fAcWLF310hij1f1ghV5iEh0bAe/vDQ31cx9jdz43MAd6 0ixjzaIjBMk0WlPMnTBY+g4l7sQvPMwlnfi1iybUJNool+EIMqXvD/djNsXxlXm/3/XH i/WOtDMJQOi2kR1aKCLFtLMMymK4uEwN7644YJGRL+eMpxlWuyV8qzDdZSlLDb8T+mVj lbvg== X-Gm-Message-State: AO0yUKVAiP0wIvDLk4H0nB4NfPVRCArbn+4/kZYuuREQiBSDzHTeIi/f hVbtd8PepHeHvq2gDIwvLHnUsWxwaVs= X-Google-Smtp-Source: AK7set/5k+fmTlYxunrr7K25XmzwUC4P7t9dusd0qZlYVaZwIFvwev+jAG3Jzctkxls3UGmD1T015w== X-Received: by 2002:a05:6a00:4390:b0:589:69ec:c6bc with SMTP id bt16-20020a056a00439000b0058969ecc6bcmr2954609pfb.21.1674755931529; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 09:58:51 -0800 (PST) Received: from [192.168.1.130] (23-93-64-12.fiber.dynamic.sonic.net. [23.93.64.12]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id a34-20020a056a001d2200b00582f222f088sm1121946pfx.47.2023.01.26.09.58.50 for (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 bits=128/128); Thu, 26 Jan 2023 09:58:50 -0800 (PST) Message-ID: <1bedbeeb-4bf3-4555-bec9-d0f010e4c0c0@gmail.com> Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 09:58:51 -0800 MIME-Version: 1.0 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:102.0) Gecko/20100101 Thunderbird/102.6.1 Content-Language: en-US To: tuhs@tuhs.org References: From: Jon Forrest In-Reply-To: Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-ID-Hash: TRSNZGKOXFRSUV4TJNLPF4JVKIMCQDZY X-Message-ID-Hash: TRSNZGKOXFRSUV4TJNLPF4JVKIMCQDZY X-MailFrom: nobozo@gmail.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: On 1/25/2023 11:20 PM, John Cowan wrote: > WP says the Terak 8510/a was the first graphical workstation; it came > out in 1976-77 and ran the UCSD p-System. It also ran standard RT-11. UC Santa Barbara had a room full of them that I used to (badly) teach PDP-11 assembler in the early 1980s. Each student had their own 8" floppy disk which held the OS and enough utilities to edit and debug programs. Jon From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-0.8 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED, MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 19139 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 18:05:07 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 18:05:07 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2B511424A7; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 04:05:01 +1000 (AEST) Received: from fourwinds.com (075-142-133-254.biz.spectrum.com [75.142.133.254]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 711644178E for ; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 04:04:56 +1000 (AEST) Received: from darkstar.fourwinds.com (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by darkstar.fourwinds.com (8.17.1/8.17.1) with ESMTP id 30QI4s69132513 for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 10:04:54 -0800 DKIM-Filter: OpenDKIM Filter v2.11.0 darkstar.fourwinds.com 30QI4s69132513 DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=fourwinds.com; s=default; t=1674756294; bh=JicU6U3xXpluqAgNUvJzZARyris+kkNkqzLL5gYZEH4=; h=From:To:Subject:In-reply-to:References:Date:From; b=XhzagUFkN7HxPnWb3tBfPvbqBtyp8Qk3F19gCxWjJiFq2FVxcXOJICpMgEYp0/r+1 5lQhC3h+3crPeYFanQ4OmCl1521HMQAAirN6uP8bjqb4I52lICjdU0mCXVwLWWYBD6 cqzJb2vn7EOrbuqSbDdata/2kBS+0y34txZ0jeU8= Received: from darkstar (jon@localhost) by darkstar.fourwinds.com (8.17.1/8.15.2/Submit) with ESMTP id 30QI4sd9132510 for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 10:04:54 -0800 Message-Id: <202301261804.30QI4sd9132510@darkstar.fourwinds.com> From: Jon Steinhart To: tuhs@tuhs.org In-reply-to: References: Comments: In-reply-to John Cowan message dated "Thu, 26 Jan 2023 02:20:40 -0500." MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-ID: <132508.1674756293.1@darkstar> Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 10:04:53 -0800 X-JON-SPAM: local delivery Message-ID-Hash: O2QFBPUIOTZ4YING664RU4MBZ5IYC4ER X-Message-ID-Hash: O2QFBPUIOTZ4YING664RU4MBZ5IYC4ER X-MailFrom: jon@fourwinds.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: John Cowan writes: > On Wed, Jan 25, 2023 at 8:47 PM Chris Hanson > wrote: > > > > > * What do I really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation had a > > PDP-11 with a single terminal and operator, is it not a workstation? Is it > > the integration of display into the system that differentiates? > > > > I think "a graphical system intended to be used by a professional to use > > in their work" is a good starting point for a definition. I should check at > > home tonight how "A History of Personal Workstations" defines it. > > > > WP says the Terak 8510/a was the first graphical workstation; it came out > in 1976-77 and ran the UCSD p-System. I had never heard of it before. The > first *personal* workstation (non-graphical) was probably the IBM 1620 (aka > the CADET system, "Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try") from 1959. I think that WP is not correct here, the Tektronix 4051 beat it to market by a year. From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-0.8 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED, MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 12290 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 21:30:43 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 21:30:43 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 9A6D0424C1; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 07:30:03 +1000 (AEST) Received: from out1-smtp.messagingengine.com (out1-smtp.messagingengine.com [66.111.4.25]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 60964424BB for ; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 07:29:58 +1000 (AEST) Received: from compute2.internal (compute2.nyi.internal [10.202.2.46]) by mailout.nyi.internal (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6936B5C0145 for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 16:29:57 -0500 (EST) Received: from imap49 ([10.202.2.99]) by compute2.internal (MEProxy); Thu, 26 Jan 2023 16:29:57 -0500 DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=pobox.com; h=cc :content-transfer-encoding:content-type:date:date:from:from :in-reply-to:in-reply-to:message-id:mime-version:references :reply-to:sender:subject:subject:to:to; s=fm2; t=1674768597; x= 1674854997; bh=GA8SeTqbersuYmVO+Gvc0o0V1MZNilhK68CsO0K4k9c=; b=k 27SWVAMXZReUBBG3MZsghH9rYk1ijEw+HFY3hBHR+8Hn9n6xxxXCi7UPRNECCTJ8 onSMpPiqCrqeFry8m8fTrlLl0wGBusX/mr24Q7mtYKfzdPMfBa3awdtelUjbGnKV 7ahKT8y/amwpi78ZmKheZ18rUyisBpO+33NDwP5sy5vHLhs/1hfywjPTSmmcqFMl ZuH5aDtqwKf+xiH5Nru1WGbi/X3UIuPKbT9/ADx/5ND9DcszCs7mUBdCu0rbL7dj tIJtXImzyKi9ZWK7GekUIKFiCK/o2aTPnOdQkqEQNuxd+QrSvJtANn6TYDj39rc9 bCG0F9igxyD3w7JCT3XIg== DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d= messagingengine.com; h=cc:content-transfer-encoding:content-type :date:date:feedback-id:feedback-id:from:from:in-reply-to :in-reply-to:message-id:mime-version:references:reply-to:sender :subject:subject:to:to:x-me-proxy:x-me-proxy:x-me-sender :x-me-sender:x-sasl-enc; s=fm3; t=1674768597; x=1674854997; bh=G A8SeTqbersuYmVO+Gvc0o0V1MZNilhK68CsO0K4k9c=; b=RhK7jb0f/lESiLZG4 ET5i6RgsRsHhaKUlDyxI/Xr4txCOsgjzQ0y054XTKX3eGTKtBwDhtNE1iyyXncT1 5A3nS1gNdoN+erXywQZNfmXU3tJ0XWuWAxAM1TkBAv2TB1RQRqb0ftYUFLWOYAV4 vBP5BjzHjw0zGPPe6T0cS6Xby+kWCCUvXs06K7a+AydJVgwas48aHNnwEn9f3ZyI zDWmP2SFt6EEkmfngrfMPyJh5T4rJdiPDO8TgjPWaZPrL38ncHNxbTqPIeq8Qn9D GgUaVKTPUWx5edL2og6BXDTuKdL45bge/Cz4tlvJT63WZ6D9jglM8X2rvG4DtWPT ZBK1A== X-ME-Sender: X-ME-Proxy-Cause: gggruggvucftvghtrhhoucdtuddrgedvhedruddvgedgudehudcutefuodetggdotefrod ftvfcurfhrohhfihhlvgemucfhrghsthforghilhdpqfgfvfdpuffrtefokffrpgfnqfgh necuuegrihhlohhuthemuceftddtnecunecujfgurhepofgfggfkjghffffhvffutgfgse htqhertderreejnecuhfhrohhmpedflfhoshgvphhhucfjohhlshhtvghnfdcuoehjohhs vghphhesjhhoshgvphhhhhholhhsthgvnhdrtghomheqnecuggftrfgrthhtvghrnheptd dtffdvudfftdeftdeiudegudefgeelvdekudeitdfgkeevudfhueeludetgfeunecuvehl uhhsthgvrhfuihiivgeptdenucfrrghrrghmpehmrghilhhfrhhomhepjhhoshgvphhhse hjohhsvghphhhhohhlshhtvghnrdgtohhm X-ME-Proxy: Feedback-ID: i49d34368:Fastmail Received: by mailuser.nyi.internal (Postfix, from userid 501) id 44C8715A008E; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 16:29:57 -0500 (EST) X-Mailer: MessagingEngine.com Webmail Interface User-Agent: Cyrus-JMAP/3.9.0-alpha0-85-gd6d859e0cf-fm-20230116.001-gd6d859e0 Mime-Version: 1.0 Message-Id: In-Reply-To: <202301261804.30QI4sd9132510@darkstar.fourwinds.com> References: <202301261804.30QI4sd9132510@darkstar.fourwinds.com> Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:29:26 -0800 From: "Joseph Holsten" To: "Tautological Eunuch Horticultural Scythians" Content-Type: text/plain;charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message-ID-Hash: M7FKB2S53R5K3UL6WWOG7JOZ7LGI3B32 X-Message-ID-Hash: M7FKB2S53R5K3UL6WWOG7JOZ7LGI3B32 X-MailFrom: joseph@josephholsten.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] =?utf-8?q?Collecting_notes_for_future_=E2=80=9Chistorians=E2=80=9D_was=3A_Earliest_UNIX_Workstations=3F?= List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: I love how I can fire off a query and get so much info. But I wonder: do= es TUHS have any way of consolidating these threads into easily digestib= le documents? What would be preferred, a wiki? or a source control repo = with =E2=80=9Carticles=E2=80=9D? I=E2=80=99m mostly wanting summarize this kind of thread and include lin= ks to mailing list messages and other resources. But also, I=E2=80=99m lazy and I am not committing to editing a journal. On Thu, Jan 26, 2023, at 10:04, Jon Steinhart wrote: > John Cowan writes: >> On Wed, Jan 25, 2023 at 8:47 PM Chris Hanson >> wrote: >> >> >> > > * What do I really mean by workstation? Ex.gr. If an installation= had a >> > PDP-11 with a single terminal and operator, is it not a workstation= ? Is it >> > the integration of display into the system that differentiates? >> > >> > I think "a graphical system intended to be used by a professional t= o use >> > in their work" is a good starting point for a definition. I should = check at >> > home tonight how "A History of Personal Workstations" defines it. >> > >> >> WP says the Terak 8510/a was the first graphical workstation; it came= out >> in 1976-77 and ran the UCSD p-System. I had never heard of it before= . The >> first *personal* workstation (non-graphical) was probably the IBM 162= 0 (aka >> the CADET system, "Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try") from 1959. > > I think that WP is not correct here, the Tektronix 4051 beat it to mar= ket > by a year. From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-0.8 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED, MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 13125 invoked from network); 26 Jan 2023 21:38:17 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 26 Jan 2023 21:38:17 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id CDDFB424C7; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 07:38:11 +1000 (AEST) Received: from fourwinds.com (075-142-133-254.biz.spectrum.com [75.142.133.254]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 44CCC424C3 for ; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 07:38:08 +1000 (AEST) Received: from darkstar.fourwinds.com (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by darkstar.fourwinds.com (8.17.1/8.17.1) with ESMTP id 30QLc6TJ143503 for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:38:06 -0800 DKIM-Filter: OpenDKIM Filter v2.11.0 darkstar.fourwinds.com 30QLc6TJ143503 DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=fourwinds.com; s=default; t=1674769086; bh=SRL+0ysROBWthM2Fe9sLy6hfDpF9NDM7/UryTWqU37A=; h=From:To:Subject:In-reply-to:References:Date:From; b=L5pEcvMd5j2dYXPUC1+H03LGFdqdL2NUeRhEz+5F/+6yNjRjbD7cu1SsaX7dR8a4Q TSeMJowBvf5PHRXdNcHtkkzYosFTS6mtbmZUOJW1/KI1LDVhN7lnVdqt02J6DQ+2Jm wRjp4TwRVxGrXNys+RNBXQ85FdsFMOCghFxhr1Fc= Received: from darkstar (jon@localhost) by darkstar.fourwinds.com (8.17.1/8.15.2/Submit) with ESMTP id 30QLc6wY143500 for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:38:06 -0800 Message-Id: <202301262138.30QLc6wY143500@darkstar.fourwinds.com> From: Jon Steinhart To: "Tautological Eunuch Horticultural Scythians" In-reply-to: References: <202301261804.30QI4sd9132510@darkstar.fourwinds.com> Comments: In-reply-to "Joseph Holsten" message dated "Thu, 26 Jan 2023 13:29:26 -0800." 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Thu, 26 Jan 2023 17:42:10 -0500 (EST) X-Mailer: MessagingEngine.com Webmail Interface User-Agent: Cyrus-JMAP/3.9.0-alpha0-85-gd6d859e0cf-fm-20230116.001-gd6d859e0 Mime-Version: 1.0 Message-Id: <620c709c-e8bb-401c-a60d-8869457caacd@app.fastmail.com> In-Reply-To: <202301262138.30QLc6wY143500@darkstar.fourwinds.com> References: <202301261804.30QI4sd9132510@darkstar.fourwinds.com> <202301262138.30QLc6wY143500@darkstar.fourwinds.com> Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 14:41:50 -0800 From: "Joseph Holsten" To: "Tautological Eunuch Horticultural Scythians" Content-Type: text/plain;charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message-ID-Hash: LBR7F3CT7GQV5QCKLBAIIDILKOYHRLKS X-Message-ID-Hash: LBR7F3CT7GQV5QCKLBAIIDILKOYHRLKS X-MailFrom: joseph@josephholsten.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] =?utf-8?q?Re=3A_Collecting_notes_for_future_=E2=80=9Chistorians=E2=80=9D_was=3A_Earliest_UNIX_Workstations=3F?= List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: On Thu, Jan 26, 2023, at 13:38, Jon Steinhart wrote: > Joseph Holsten writes: >> I love how I can fire off a query and get so much info. But I wonder:= does >> TUHS have any way of consolidating these threads into easily digestib= le >> documents? What would be preferred, a wiki? or a source control repo = with >> =E2=80=9Carticles=E2=80=9D? >> >> I=E2=80=99m mostly wanting summarize this kind of thread and include = links to >> mailing list messages and other resources. But also, I=E2=80=99m laz= y and I am >> not committing to editing a journal. > > Seems like you already know the answer and just don't like it. > The only way to get coheret articles is to write the. Wikis > suck for this sort of thing. > > An appropriate way for us to do this sort of thing would be to create > a repository where we can contribute to documents written in troff. Ah, I meant to ask: is there an existing wiki or repository? Or am I sta= rting one? And if I=E2=80=99m writing in troff, is there a preferred macro set for = articles these days? A decade ago I wrote manuals in mdoc but papers in = LaTeX; these days I just lean on pandoc to translate. I=E2=80=99ll need = to knock my rust off. From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-1.1 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_SIGNED,DKIM_VALID, DKIM_VALID_AU,MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 4231 invoked from network); 27 Jan 2023 00:35:06 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 27 Jan 2023 00:35:06 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id AE24D424DA; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 10:35:00 +1000 (AEST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=tuhs.org; s=dkim; t=1674779700; h=from:from:reply-to:reply-to:subject:subject:date:date: message-id:message-id:to:to:cc:cc:mime-version:mime-version: content-type:content-type: content-transfer-encoding:content-transfer-encoding: in-reply-to:in-reply-to:references:references:list-id:list-help: list-owner:list-unsubscribe:list-subscribe:list-post; bh=fdawgLw1UtLCd3ZLxZWMVDAdvc/9WYGuWUX9WZbyNFc=; b=nlV2wwT4vu7E5s6R6jbRGdaGvAgWrK5M7AqsTyj0NtYyD2a3d5UT0wX2zrTOHbaQb1e5Gr 0ic+jDPmMnRLlUsnxKxzt2DRBCFM13EvJ5PBxnqY+ePahKiCGZSLLsRwzK27iCQhAxhhiR yopAIJgOoh/5WYRg2HMqDkyfcwZR5OM= Received: from mail-4325.protonmail.ch (mail-4325.protonmail.ch [185.70.43.25]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 466CF424CE for ; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 10:34:54 +1000 (AEST) Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 00:34:48 +0000 DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=protonmail.com; s=protonmail3; t=1674779691; x=1675038891; bh=fdawgLw1UtLCd3ZLxZWMVDAdvc/9WYGuWUX9WZbyNFc=; h=Date:To:From:Cc:Subject:Message-ID:In-Reply-To:References: Feedback-ID:From:To:Cc:Date:Subject:Reply-To:Feedback-ID: Message-ID:BIMI-Selector; b=KpwF3WBlHvldGJNnLQ1g5jiN947zishcdRdEldN/W2KHHvMdB0gBbxj8iI0iWyEKs x5aucAxQ8/+lp1ESbVMu2gWT2PPdTKbW/uJMWAD6ykHrFVF/aiZx1rPA0eMj434LUc UryG7Bzk2y2OfibG+zXgNp1xokPiXx/TYL/V3gRYlCfffqzV3TKfBwCqZhxPagsBnH dR4VKEVs9Edb7cmTL1ogv9E4PmFLThvH+FXgkMKaO4kHnE6qucOl8A7kdusKHShOif CXkkKUT6uFIcyVTSphFiif/7UlqF+XjcT1iD3RBtL/qWzgRrKzC6ek6SjhRXHo1m7S kP2Pg5huT7CkQ== To: Joseph Holsten Message-ID: In-Reply-To: <620c709c-e8bb-401c-a60d-8869457caacd@app.fastmail.com> References: <202301261804.30QI4sd9132510@darkstar.fourwinds.com> <202301262138.30QLc6wY143500@darkstar.fourwinds.com> <620c709c-e8bb-401c-a60d-8869457caacd@app.fastmail.com> Feedback-ID: 35591162:user:proton MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message-ID-Hash: TGXAXICJJCQOTOLO7VVIIHSE5XHEYAXH X-Message-ID-Hash: TGXAXICJJCQOTOLO7VVIIHSE5XHEYAXH X-MailFrom: segaloco@protonmail.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: Tautological Eunuch Horticultural Scythians X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] =?utf-8?q?Re=3A_Collecting_notes_for_future_=E2=80=9Chistorians=E2=80=9D_was=3A_Earliest_UNIX_Workstations=3F?= List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: From: segaloco via TUHS Reply-To: segaloco X-Spam: Yes > Ah, I meant to ask: is there an existing wiki or repository? Or am I star= ting one? https://wiki.tuhs.org/ I've discussed writing a few articles with Warren and it sounds like he's a= ll for more folks producing content. Ultimately it's Warren's call on that= one, but I'm very interested in starting to produce some content. > An appropriate way for us to do this sort of thing would be to create > a repository where we can contribute to documents written in troff. I've considered this exact thing save not for this project, but just as a w= ay to approach collaborative writing. I wouldn't have the attention span t= o admin such a repository, but would more than happily contribute to one, I= love exposition and free access to knowledge. - Matt G. 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[68.12.97.90]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id w19-20020a9d77d3000000b00661b46cc26bsm1127566otl.9.2023.01.26.16.36.13 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Thu, 26 Jan 2023 16:36:14 -0800 (PST) Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 18:36:12 -0600 From: "G. Branden Robinson" To: Joseph Holsten Message-ID: <20230127003612.dszdsftdjkobikx7@illithid> References: <202301261804.30QI4sd9132510@darkstar.fourwinds.com> <202301262138.30QLc6wY143500@darkstar.fourwinds.com> <620c709c-e8bb-401c-a60d-8869457caacd@app.fastmail.com> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/signed; micalg=pgp-sha256; protocol="application/pgp-signature"; boundary="4nlhkhzd34tw35um" Content-Disposition: inline In-Reply-To: <620c709c-e8bb-401c-a60d-8869457caacd@app.fastmail.com> Message-ID-Hash: LSSDTM3YSRCBDAJXL4GJ5QXR4TDH43GX X-Message-ID-Hash: LSSDTM3YSRCBDAJXL4GJ5QXR4TDH43GX X-MailFrom: g.branden.robinson@gmail.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: Tautological Eunuch Horticultural Scythians X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Collecting notes for future =?utf-8?b?4oCcaGlzdG9yaWFuc+KAnQ==?= was: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: --4nlhkhzd34tw35um Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="7n2qwcpszid6mjfj" Content-Disposition: inline --7n2qwcpszid6mjfj Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi Joseph, At 2023-01-26T14:41:50-0800, Joseph Holsten wrote: > And if I=E2=80=99m writing in troff, is there a preferred macro set for > articles these days? A decade ago I wrote manuals in mdoc but papers > in LaTeX; these days I just lean on pandoc to translate. I=E2=80=99ll nee= d to > knock my rust off. There's always ms. It's pretty easy to acquire, and will produce authentic looking traditional Unix papers with little effort. Here's a manual that Larry Kollar and I wrote, in source and PDF forms. It's gotten positive feedback from the groff mailing list. Regards, Branden --7n2qwcpszid6mjfj Content-Type: application/x-troff-ms Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="ms.ms" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable =2E\" Handle font requests with families, for instance in tbl(1) tables.=0A= =2Eif n \{\=0A. ftr CR B \" for a visible distinction from roman=0A. ftr = CB B=0A. ftr CI I=0A. ftr CBI BI=0A. \" Redefine CW to use bold instead = for a visible font change.=0A. als CW B=0A.\}=0A.\" This document doesn't = require the minus sign (in Times) but we do=0A.\" want a copy- and-pastable= hyphen-minus.=0A.char \- \N'45'=0A.\" A very limited output device might n= ot have a dagger glyph.=0A.fchar \[dg] *=0A.\".RP=0A.ie t .nr LL 6.5i=0A.el= .nr LL 86n=0A.nr LT \n[LL]=0A.nr PS 11=0A.nr VS 13=0A.ds FR 1=0A.nr TC-M= ARGIN \w'00' \" expect 2-digit page numbers at most=0A.ie t .nr PI 3.5n=0A.= el .nr PI 4n=0A.ND January 2023=0A.EH '%''January 2023'=0A.EF ''''=0A.OH = 'Using \f[I]groff\f[] with the \f[I]ms\f[] macros''%'=0A.OF ''''=0A.TL=0AUs= ing=0A.BI groff=0Awith the=0A.BI ms=0AMacro Package=0A.AU=0ALarry Kollar=0A= =2EAI=0Akollar@alltel.net=0A.AU=0AG.\& Branden Robinson=0A.AI=0Ag.branden.r= obinson@gmail.com=0A.AB no=0AThe=0A.I ms=0A(\[lq]manuscript\[rq]) package i= s suitable for the composition of=0Aletters,=0Amemoranda,=0Areports,=0Aand = books.=0A.=0AThese=0A.I groff=0Amacros feature cover page and table of cont= ents generation,=0Aautomatically numbered headings,=0Aseveral paragraph sty= les,=0Aa variety of text styling options,=0Afootnotes,=0Aand multi-column p= age layouts.=0A.=0A.I ms=0Asupports the=0A.I tbl ,=0A.I eqn ,=0A.I pic ,=0A= and=0A.I refer=0Apreprocessors for inclusion of tables,=0Amathematical equa= tions,=0Adiagrams,=0Aand standardized bibliographic citations.=0A.=0AThis i= mplementation is mostly compatible with the documented interface=0Aand beha= vior of AT&T Unix Version\~7=0A.I ms .=0A.=0AMany extensions from 4.2BSD (B= erkeley)=0A.\" Few changes were made in 4.3, Tahoe, Reno, or 4.4.=0Aand Ten= th Edition Research Unix have been recreated.=0A.AE=0A.=0A.=0A.\" ---------= ---------------- End of cover page ------------------------=0A.NH 1=0AIntro= duction=0A.XS=0AIntroduction=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AThe=0A.I ms=0Amacros are= the oldest surviving package for=0A.I roff=0Asystems.\**=0A.=0A.FS=0AWhile= manual=0A.I pages=0Aare older,=0Aearly ones used macros supplanted by the= =0A.I man=0Apackage of Seventh Edition Unix (1979).=0A.=0A.I ms=0Ashipped w= ith Sixth Edition (1975) and was documented by Mike Lesk in a=0ABell Labs i= nternal memorandum.=0A.FE=0A.=0AWhile the=0A.I man=0Apackage was designed f= or brief reference documents,=0Athe=0A.I ms=0Amacros are also suitable for = longer works intended for printing and=0Apossible publication.=0A.=0A.=0A.P= P=0AIn this document,=0Aa right arrow (\[->]) is used to indicate a tab cha= racter in the input.=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.NH 2=0ABasic information=0A.XS=0A Bas= ic information=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0A.I ms=0Adocuments are plain text files= ;=0Aprepare them with your preferred text editor.=0A.=0AIf you're in a hurr= y to start,=0Aknow that=0A.I ms=0Aneeds one of its macros called at the beg= inning of a document so that it=0Acan initialize.=0A.=0AA=0A.I macro=0Ais a= formatting instruction to=0A.I ms.=0A.=0APut a macro call on a line by its= elf.=0A.=0AUse=0A.CW .PP=0Aif you want your paragraph's first line to be in= dented,=0Aor=0A.CW .LP=0Aif you don't.=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AAfter that,=0A= start typing normally.=0A.=0AIt is a good practice to start each sentence o= n a new line,=0Aor to put two spaces after sentence-ending puncutation,=0As= o that the formatter knows where the sentence boundaries are.=0A.=0AYou can= separate paragraphs with further paragraphing macro calls,=0Aor with blank= lines,=0Aand you can indent with tabs.=0A.=0AWhen you need one of the feat= ures mentioned earlier,=0Areturn to this manual.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AFormat the= document with the=0A.I groff (1)=0Acommand.=0A.=0A.I nroff (1)=0Acan be us= eful for previewing.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Alf(CB).=0A\f[CR]$\f[] ed= itor radical.ms=0A\f[CR]$\f[] nroff -ww -z -ms radical.ms # check for error= s=0A\f[CR]$\f[] nroff \-ms radical.ms | less \-R=0A\f[CR]$\f[] groff \-T ps= \-ms radical.ms > radical.ps=0A\f[CR]$\f[] see radical.ps=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A= =2EPP=0AOur=0A.CW radical.ms=0Adocument might look like this.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS= =0Abox center;=0ALf(CR).=0A\&.LP=0ARadical novelties are so disturbing that= they tend to be=0Asuppressed or ignored, to the extent that even the=0Apos= sibility of their existence in general is more often=0Adenied than admitted= =2E=0A.sp=0A\[->]That\[aq]s what Dijkstra said, anyway.=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP= =0A.I ms=0Aexposes many aspects of document layout to user control via=0A.I= groff 's=0A.I registers=0Aand=0A.I strings,=0Awhich store numbers and text= ,=0Arespectively.=0A.=0AMeasurements in=0A.I groff=0Aare expressed with a s= uffix called a=0A.I "scaling unit."=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Acb cb=0Ac= f(CR) l .=0AScaling unit Description=0A_=0Ai inches (\[sd])=0Ac centimeters= =0Ap points (1/72\[sd])=0AP picas (1/6\[sd])=0Av \[lq]vees\[rq]; current ve= rtical spacing=0Am \[lq]ems\[rq]; width of an \[lq]M\[rq] in the current fo= nt=0An \[lq]ens\[rq]; one-half em=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0ASet registers with = the=0A.CW nr=0Arequest=0Aand strings with the=0A.CW ds=0Arequest.=0A.=0A.I = Requests=0Aare like macro calls;=0Athey go on lines by themselves and start= with the=0A.I "control character,"=0Aa dot=0A.CW . ). (=0A.=0AThe differen= ce is that they directly instruct the formatter program,=0Arather than the = macro package.=0A.=0AWe'll discuss a few as applicable.=0A.=0AIt is wise to= specify a scaling unit when setting any register that=0Arepresents a lengt= h,=0Asize,=0Aor distance.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Alf(CR).=0A\&.nr PS = 10.5p \[rs]" Use 10.5\-point type.=0A\&.ds FAM P \[rs]" Use Palatino fon= t family.=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AIn the foregoing,=0Awe see that=0A.CW \[rs]= "=0Abegins a comment.=0A.=0AThis is an example of an=0A.I "escape sequence,= "=0Athe other kind of formatting instruction.=0A.=0AEscape sequences can ap= pear anywhere.=0A.=0AThey begin with the escape character=0A.CW \[rs] ) (= =0Aand are followed by at least one more character.=0A.=0A.I ms=0Adocuments= like this one tend to use only a few of=0A.I groff 's=0Amany requests and = escape sequences;=0Asee the=0A.I groff (7)=0Aman page for complete lists.= =0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0ACb Cb=0ALf(CR) Lx .=0AEscape sequence Descri= ption=0A_=0A\[rs]" Begin comment; ignore remainder of line.=0A\[rs]n[\f[I]r= eg\f[]] T{=0AInterpolate value of register=0A.I reg .=0AT}=0A\[rs]*[\f[I]st= r\f[]] T{=0AInterpolate contents of string=0A.I str .=0AT}=0A\[rs]*\f[I]s T= {=0Aabbreviation of=0A.CW \[rs]*[\f[I]s\f[]] ;=0Athe name=0A.I s=0Amust be = only one character=0AT}=0A\[rs][\f[I]char\f[]] T{=0AInterpolate glyph of sp= ecial character named=0A.I char .=0AT}=0A\[rs]& non-printing, zero-width du= mmy character=0A\[rs]\[ti] T{=0AInsert an unbreakble space of adjustable wi= dth like a normal space.=0AT}=0A\[rs]| T{=0AMove horizontally by one-sixth = em=0A(\[lq]thin space\[rq]).=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0APrefix any words th= at start with a dot=0A.CW .\& ) (=0Aor neutral apostrophe=0A.CW \[aq] ) (= =0Awith=0A.CW \[rs]&=0Aif they are at the beginning of an input line=0A(or = might become that way in editing)=0Ato prevent them from being interpreted = as macro calls or requests.=0A.=0ASuffix=0A.CW . ,=0A.CW ? ,=0Aand=0A.CW !\= &=0Awith=0A.CW \[rs]&=0Awhen needed to cancel end-of-sentence detection.=0A= =2E=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Alf(CR).=0AMy exposure was \[rs]&.5 to \[rs]&.= 6 Sv of neutrons, said Dr.\[rs]&=0AWallace after the criticality incident.= =0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.\" ------------------------=0A.if t .bp=0A.NH 1=0AGeneral= structure of an=0A.BI ms=0Adocument=0A.XS=0AGeneral structure of an=0A.I m= s=0Adocument=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AThe=0A.I ms=0Amacro package expects a ce= rtain amount of structure:=0Aa well-formed document contains at least one p= aragraphing or heading=0Amacro call.=0A.=0ALonger documents have a structur= e as follows.=0A.=0A.=0A.IP "\fBDocument type\fP"=0ACalling the=0A.CW RP=0A= macro at the beginning of your document puts the document description=0A(se= e below)=0Aon a cover page.=0A.=0AOtherwise,=0A.I ms=0Aplaces this informat= ion=0A(if any)=0Aon the first page,=0Afollowed immediately by the body text= =2E=0A.=0ASome document types found in other=0A.I ms=0Aimplementations are = specific to AT&T or Berkeley,=0Aand are not supported by=0A.I "groff ms" .= =0A.=0A.=0A.IP "\fBFormat and layout\fP"=0ABy setting registers and strings= ,=0Ayou can configure your document's typeface,=0Amargins,=0Aspacing,=0Ahea= ders and footers,=0Aand footnote arrangement.=0A.=0ASee section \[lq]Docume= nt control settings\[rq] below.=0A.=0A.=0A.IP "\fBDocument description\fP"= =0AA document description consists of any of:=0Aa title,=0Aone or more auth= ors' names and affiliated institutions,=0Aan abstract,=0Aand a date or othe= r identifier.=0A.=0ASee section \[lq]Document description macros\[rq] below= =2E=0A.=0A.=0A.IP "\fBBody text\fP"=0AThe main matter of your document foll= ows its description=0A(if any).=0A.=0A.I ms=0Asupports highly structured te= xt consisting of paragraphs interspersed=0Awith multi-level headings=0A(cha= pters,=0Asections,=0Asubsections,=0Aand so forth)=0Aand augmented by lists,= =0Afootnotes,=0Atables,=0Adiagrams,=0Aand similar material.=0A.=0ASee secti= on \[lq]Body text\[rq] below.=0A.=0A.=0A.IP "\fBTables of contents\fP"=0AMa= cros enable the collection of entries for a table of contents=0A(or index)= =0Aas the material they discuss appears in the document.=0A.=0AYou then cal= l a macro to emit the table of contents at the end of=0Ayour document.=0A.= =0AThe table of contents must necessarily follow the rest of the text since= =0AGNU=0A.I troff=0Ais a single-pass formatter;=0Ait thus cannot determine = the page number of a division of the text until=0Ait has been set and outpu= t.=0A.=0ASince=0A.I ms=0Aoutput was designed for the production of hard cop= y,=0Athe traditional procedure was to manually relocate the pages containin= g=0Athe table of contents between the cover page and the body text.=0A.=0AT= oday,=0Apage resequencing can be done in the digital domain with tools like= =0A.I pdfjam (1).=0A.=0AAn index works similarly,=0Abut because it typicall= y needs to be sorted after collection,=0Aits preparation requires separate = processing.=0A.=0A.=0A.\" ------------------------=0A.if t .bp=0A.NH 1=0ADo= cument control settings=0A.XS=0ADocument control settings=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.= LP=0AThe document parameters below are presented in the syntax=0Aused to in= terpolate their values.=0A.=0AFor any unsatisfactory default,=0Adefine its = register,=0Astring,=0Aor special character before calling any=0A.I ms=0Amac= ro other than=0A.CW RP .=0A.=0AThe \[lq]Next\[rq] heading indicates that ch= anges to the parameter are=0Aeffective as of the next new element processed= of the listed type.=0A.=0AFor entries marked=0A.I special ,=0Asee the disc= ussion in the applicable section.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS H=0Abox;=0Acb | cb cb cb cb= =0Al | lf(CR)p-1 lx l lf(CR)p-1.=0AType Parameter Definition Next Default= =0A_=0A.TH=0AMargins \[rs]n[PO] Page offset (left margin) page\=0A 1i (0)\*= {*\*}=0A\^ \[rs]n[LL] Line length paragraph \=0A6.5i (65n)\*{*\*}=0A\^ \[rs= ]n[LT] Title line length paragraph \=0A6.5i (65n)\*{*\*}=0A\^ \[rs]n[HM] To= p (header) margin page 1i=0A\^ \[rs]n[FM] Bottom (footer) margin page 1i=0A= _=0AT{=0ATitles=0A.br=0A(headers,=0A.br=0Afooters)=0AT} \[rs]*[LH] Left hea= der text header \f[I]empty=0A\^ \[rs]*[CH] Center header text header \-\[rs= ]n[%]\-=0A\^ \[rs]*[RH] Right header text header \f[I]empty=0A\^ \[rs]*[LF]= Left footer text footer \f[I]empty=0A\^ \[rs]*[CF] Center footer text foot= er \f[I]empty=0A\^ \[rs]*[RF] Right footer text footer \f[I]empty=0A_=0ATex= t \[rs]n[PS] Type (point) size paragraph 10p=0A\^ \[rs]n[VS] Vertical spaci= ng paragraph 12p=0A\^ \[rs]n[HY] Hyphenation mode paragraph 6=0A\^ \[rs]*[F= AM] Font family paragraph T=0A_=0AParagraphs \[rs]n[PI] Indentation paragra= ph 5n=0A\^ \[rs]n[PD] Paragraph distance (spacing) paragraph\=0A 0.3v \f[R]= (\f[]1v\f[R])\*{\[dg]\*}=0A\^ \[rs]n[QI] Quotation indentation paragraph 5n= =0A\^ \[rs]n[PORPHANS] # of initial lines kept paragraph\=0A 1=0A_=0AHeadin= gs \[rs]n[PSINCR] Type (point) size increment\=0A heading 1p=0A\^ \[rs]n[GR= OWPS] Size increase depth limit heading 0=0A\^ \[rs]n[HORPHANS] # of follow= ing lines kept\=0A heading 1=0A\^ \[rs]*[SN\-STYLE] Numbering style (alias)= heading\=0A \[rs]*[SN\-DOT]=0A_=0AFootnotes \[rs]n[FI] Indentation footnot= e 2n=0A\^ \[rs]n[FF] Format footnote 0=0A\^ \[rs]n[FPS] Type (point) size f= ootnote\=0A \[rs]n[PS]\-2p=0A\^ \[rs]n[FVS] Vertical spacing footnote\=0A \= [rs]n[FPS]+2p=0A\^ \[rs]n[FPD] Paragraph distance (spacing) footnote\=0A \[= rs]n[PD]/2=0A\^ \[rs]*[FR] Line length ratio \f[I]special 11/12=0A_=0ADispl= ays \[rs]n[DD] Display distance (spacing)\=0A \f[I]special 0.5v \f[R](\f[]1= v\f[R])\*{\[dg]\*}=0A\^ \[rs]n[DI] Display indentation \f[I]special 0.5i=0A= _=0AOther \[rs]n[MINGW] Minimum gutter width page 2n=0A\^ \[rs]n[TC\-MARGIN= ] TOC page number margin width\=0A \f[CR]PX\f[] call \[rs]w\[aq]000\[aq]=0A= \^ \[rs][TC\-LEADER] TOC leader character\=0A \f[CR]PX\f[] call .\[rs]h\[aq= ]1m\[aq]=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.IP \*{*\*}=0ADefaults vary by output device and p= aper format;=0Athe values shown are for typesetters using U.S.\& letter pap= er,=0Aand then terminals.=0A.=0ASee section \[lq]Paper format\[rq] of the= =0A.I groff (1)=0Aman page.=0A.=0A.=0A.IP \*{\[dg]\*}=0AThe=0A.CW PD=0Aand= =0A.CW DD=0Aregisters use the larger value if the vertical motion quantum o= f the=0Aoutput device is too coarse for the smaller one;=0Ausually,=0Athis = is the case only for output to terminals and emulators thereof.=0A.=0A.=0A.= \" ------------------------=0A.if t .bp=0A.NH 1=0ADocument description macr= os=0A.XS=0ADocument description macros=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AOnly the simpl= est document lacks a title.\**=0A.=0A.FS=0ADistinguish a document title fro= m \[lq]titles\[rq],=0Awhich are what=0A.I roff=0Asystems call headers and f= ooters collectively.=0A.FE=0A.=0AAs its level of sophistication=0A(or compl= exity)=0Aincreases,=0Ait tends to acquire a date of revision,=0Aexplicitly = identified authors,=0Asponsoring institutions for authors,=0Aand,=0Aat the = rarefied heights,=0Aan abstract of its content.=0A.=0ABy default,=0A.I ms= =0Aarranges most of the document description=0A(the title,=0Aauthor names a= nd institutions,=0Aand abstract,=0Abut not the date)=0Aat the top of the fi= rst page.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0ADefine these data by calling the macros below in = the order shown;=0A.CW .DA=0Aor=0A.CW .ND=0Acan be called to set the docume= nt date=0A(or other identifier)=0Aat any time before (a) the abstract,=0Aif= present,=0Aor (b) its information is required in a header or footer.=0A.= =0AUse of these macros is optional,=0Aexcept that=0A.CW .TL=0Ais mandatory = if any of=0A.CW .RP ,=0A.CW .AU ,=0A.CW .AI ,=0Aor=0A.CW .AB=0Ais called,= =0Aand=0A.CW .AE=0Ais mandatory if=0A.CW .AB=0Ais called.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS H= =0Abox;=0Alb lb=0Alf(CR) lx.=0AMacro Description=0A_=0A.TH=0A\&.RP \f[R][\f= [I]option\f[] .\|.\|.] T{=0AUse the \[lq]report\[rq]=0A(AT&T: \[lq]released= paper\[rq])=0Aformat for your document,=0Acreating a separate cover page.= =0A.=0AIf the optional=0A.CW no\-\:\%repeat\-\:\%info=0Aargument is given,= =0A.I ms=0Aproduces a cover page but does not repeat any of its information= =0Asubsequently=0A(but see the=0A.CW DA=0Amacro below regarding the date).= =0A.=0ANormally,=0A.CW .RP=0Asets the page number following the cover page = to\~1.=0A.=0ASpecifying the optional=0A.CW no\-\:\%renumber=0Aargument supp= resses this alteration.=0A.=0AOptional arguments can occur in any order.=0A= =2E=0A.CW no=0Ais recognized as a synonym of=0A.CW no\-\:\%repeat\-\:\%info= =0Afor AT&T compatibility.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.TL T{=0ASpecify the document title= =2E=0A.=0A.I ms=0Acollects text on input lines following this call into the= title=0Auntil reaching=0A.CW .AU ,=0A.CW .AB ,=0Aor a heading or paragraph= ing macro call.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.AU T{=0ASpecify an author's name.=0A.=0A.I ms= =0Acollects text on input lines following this call into the author's name= =0Auntil reaching=0A.CW .AI ,=0A.CW .AB ,=0Aanother=0A.CW .AU ,=0Aor a head= ing or paragraphing macro call.=0A.=0ACall it repeatedly to specify multipl= e authors.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.AI T{=0ASpecify the preceding author's institution= =2E=0A.=0AAn=0A.CW .AU=0Acall is usefully followed by at most one=0A.CW .AI= =0Acall;=0Aif there are more,=0Athe last=0A.CW .AI=0Acall controls.=0A.=0A.= I ms=0Acollects text on input lines following this call into the author's= =0Ainstitution until reaching=0A.CW .AU ,=0A.CW .AB ,=0Aor a heading or par= agraphing macro call.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.DA \f[R][\f[I]x\f[] .\|.\|.\&] T{=0ATyp= eset the current date,=0Aor any=0A.I x , arguments\~=0Ain the center footer= ,=0Aand,=0Aif=0A.CW .RP=0Ais also called,=0Aleft-aligned at the end of the = document description on the cover page.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.ND \f[R][\f[I]x\f[] .= \|.\|.\&] T{=0ATypeset the current date,=0Aor any=0A.I x , arguments\~=0Aif= =0A.CW .RP=0Ais also called,=0Aleft-aligned at the end of the document desc= ription on the cover page.=0A.=0AThis is=0A.I "groff ms" 's=0Adefault.=0AT}= =0A_=0A\&.AB \f[R][\f[]no\f[R]] T{=0ABegin the abstract.=0A.=0A.I ms=0Acoll= ects text on input lines following this call into the abstract=0Auntil reac= hing an=0A.CW .AE=0Acall.=0A.=0ABy default,=0A.I ms=0Aplaces the word \[lq]= ABSTRACT\[rq] centered and in italics above the=0Atext of the abstract.=0A.= =0AThe optional argument=0A.CW no=0Asuppresses this heading.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.= AE End the abstract.=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.LP=0AAn example document descri= ption,=0Ausing a cover page,=0Afollows.=0A.=0A.=0A.\" Wrap lines in the cod= e example below at 64 columns.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Al.=0AT{=0A.nf=0A.CW=0A= \&.RP=0A\&.TL=0AThe Inevitability of Code Bloat in Commercial and Free Soft= ware=0A\&.AU=0AJ.\[rs]& Random Luser=0A\&.AI=0AUniversity of West Bumblefuz= z=0A\&.AB=0AThis report examines the long-term growth of the code bases in= =0Atwo large,=0Apopular software packages;=0Athe free Emacs and the commerc= ial Microsoft Word.=0AWhile differences appear in the type or order of feat= ures added,=0Adue to the different methodologies used,=0Athe results are th= e same in the end.=0A\&.PP=0AThe free software approach is shown to be supe= rior in that while=0Afree software can become as bloated as commercial offe= rings,=0Afree software tends to have fewer serious bugs and the added=0Afea= tures are more in line with user demand.=0A\&.AE=0A.R=0A\&.\|.\|.\|the rest= of the paper\|.\|.\|.=0A.fi=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.\" ---------------= ---------=0A.if t .bp=0A.NH 1=0ABody text=0A.XS=0ABody text=0A.XE=0A.=0A.= =0A.LP=0AA variety of macros,=0Aregisters,=0Aand strings can be used to str= ucture and style the body of your=0Adocument.=0A.=0AThey organize your text= into=0Aparagraphs,=0Aheadings,=0Afootnotes,=0Aand inclusions of material s= uch as tables and figures.=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.NH 2=0AText settings=0A.XS=0A T= ext settings=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AThe=0A.CW FAM=0Astring,=0Aa GNU extensio= n,=0Asets the font family for body text;=0Athe default is=0A.CW T \[rq]. \[= lq]=0A.=0AThe=0A.CW PS=0Aand=0A.CW VS=0Aregisters set the type size and ver= tical spacing=0A(distance between text baselines),=0Arespectively.=0A.=0ATh= e font family and type size are ignored on terminal devices.=0A.=0ASetting = these parameters before the first call of a heading,=0Aparagraphing,=0Aor (= non-date) document description macro also applies them to headers,=0Afooter= s,=0Aand=0A(for=0A.CW FAM )=0Afootnotes.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AWhich font familie= s are available depends on the output device;=0Aas a convention,=0A.CW T=0A= selects a serif family (\[lq]Times\[rq]),=0A.CW H=0Aa sans-serif family (\[= lq]Helvetica\[rq]),=0Aand=0A.CW C=0Aa monospaced family (\[lq]Courier\[rq])= =2E=0A.=0AThe man page for the output driver documents its font repertoire.= =0A.=0AConsult the=0A.I groff (1)=0Aman page for lists of available output = devices and their drivers.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe=0A.CW HY=0Aregister defines = the automatic hyphenation mode used with the=0A.CW hy=0Arequest.=0A.=0ASett= ing=0A.CW \[rs]n[HY]=0A.CW 0 "" to\~=0Ais equivalent to using the=0A.CW nh= =0Arequest.=0A.=0AThis is a Tenth Edition Research Unix extension.=0A.KE=0A= =2E=0A.=0A.KS=0A.NH 2=0ATypographical symbols=0A.XS=0A Typographical symbol= s=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0A.I ms=0Aprovides a few strings to obtain typographi= cal symbols not easily=0Aentered with the keyboard.=0A.=0AThese and many ot= hers are available as special character escape=0Asequences\*[-]see=0Athe=0A= =2EI groff_char (7)=0Aman page.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Acb lb=0ALf(CR) Lx= =2E=0AString Description=0A_=0A\[rs]*[\-] Interpolate an em dash.=0A_=0A\[r= s]*[Q] T{=0AInterpolate typographer's quotation marks where available,=0Aan= d neutral double quotes otherwise.=0A.=0A.CW \[rs]*[Q]=0Ais the left quote = and=0A.CW \[rs]*[U]=0Athe right.=0AT}=0A\[rs]*[U] \^=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A= =2EKS=0A.NH 2=0AParagraphs=0A.XS=0A Paragraphs=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AParagr= aphing macros=0A.I break ,=0Aor terminate,=0Aany pending output line so tha= t a new paragraph can begin.=0A.=0ASeveral paragraph types are available,= =0Adiffering in how indentation=0Aapplies to them:=0Ato left,=0Aright,=0Aor= both margins;=0Ato the first output line of the paragraph,=0Aall output li= nes,=0Aor all but the first.=0A.=0AAll paragraphing macro calls cause the i= nsertion of vertical space in=0Athe amount stored in the=0A.CW PD=0Aregiste= r,=0Aexcept at page or column breaks.=0A.=0AAlternatively,=0Aa blank input = line breaks the output line and vertically spaces by one=0Avee.=0A.KE=0A.= =0A.=0A.PP=0AThe=0A.CW PORPHANS=0Aregister defines the minimum number of in= itial lines of any paragraph=0Athat must be kept together to avoid isolated= lines at the bottom of a=0Apage.=0A.=0AIf a new paragraph is started close= to the bottom of a page,=0Aand there is insufficient space to accommodate= =0A.CW \[rs]n[PORPHANS]=0Alines before an automatic page break,=0Athen a pa= ge break is forced before the start of the paragraph.=0A.=0AThis is a GNU e= xtension.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS H=0Abox;=0Alb lb=0Alf(CR) lx.=0AMacro Description= =0A_=0A.TH=0A\&.LP Set a paragraph without any (additional) indentation.=0A= _=0A\&.PP T{=0ASet a paragraph with a first-line left indentation of=0A.CW = \[rs]n[PI] .=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.IP \f[R][\f[I]marker\f[] [\f[I]width\f[]]] T{=0A= Set a paragraph with a left indentation.=0A.=0AThe optional=0A.I marker=0Ai= s not indented and is empty by default.=0A.=0AIt has several applications;= =0Asee subsection \[lq]Lists\[rq] below.=0A.=0A.I width=0Aoverrides the ind= entation amount in=0A.CW \[rs]n[PI] ;=0Aits default unit is=0A.CW n \[rq]. = \[lq]=0A.=0AOnce specified,=0A.I width=0Aapplies to further=0A.CW .IP=0Acal= ls until specified again or a heading or different paragraphing macro=0Ais = called.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.QP T{=0ASet a paragraph indented from both left and r= ight margins by=0A.CW \[rs]n[QI] .=0AT}=0A_=0AT{=0A\&.QS=0A.br=0A\&.QE=0AT}= T{=0ABegin=0A.CW QS ) (=0Aand end=0A.CW QE ) (=0Aa region where each parag= raph is indented from both margins by=0A.CW \[rs]n[QI] .=0A.=0AThe text bet= ween=0A.CW .QS=0Aand=0A.CW .QE=0Acan be structured further by use of other = paragraphing macros.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.XP T{=0ASet an \[lq]exdented\[rq] paragr= aph\[em]one with a left indentation of=0A.CW \[rs]n[PI]=0Aon every line=0A.= I except=0Athe first=0A(also known as a hanging indent).=0A.=0AThis is a Be= rkeley extension.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.PP=0AThe following example il= lustrates the use of paragraphing macros.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Al.= =0AT{=0A.nf=0A.CW=0A\&.NH 2=0ACases used in the 2001 study=0A\&.LP=0ATwo so= ftware releases were considered for this report.=0A\&.PP=0AThe first is com= mercial software;=0Athe second is free.=0A\&.IP \[rs][bu]=0AMicrosoft Word = for Windows,=0Astarting with version 1.0 through the current version=0A(Wor= d 2000).=0A\&.IP \[rs][bu]=0AGNU Emacs,=0Afrom its first appearance as a st= andalone editor through the=0Acurrent version (v20).=0ASee [Bloggs 2002] fo= r details.=0A\&.QP=0AFranklin\[aq]s Law applied to software:=0Asoftware exp= ands to outgrow both RAM and disk space over time.=0A\&.SH=0ABibliography= =0A\&.XP=0ABloggs, Joseph R.,=0A\&.I "Everyone\[aq]s a Critic" ,=0AUndergro= und Press, March 2002.=0AA definitive work that answers all questions and c= riticisms=0Aabout the quality and usability of free software.=0A.R=0A.fi=0A= T}=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.NH 2=0AHeadings=0A.XS=0A Headings=0A.XE=0A.= =0A.=0A.LP=0AUse headings to create a hierarchical structure for your docum= ent.=0A.=0AThe=0A.I ms=0Amacros print headings in=0A.B bold=0Ausing the sam= e font family and,=0Aby default,=0Atype size as the body text.=0A.=0AHeadin= gs are available with and without automatic numbering.=0A.=0AText on input = lines following the macro call becomes the heading's=0Atitle.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS= =0Abox;=0Acb cb=0Alf(CR) lx .=0AMacro Description=0A_=0A\&.NH [\f[I]depth\f= []] T{=0ASet an automatically numbered heading.=0A.=0A.I ms=0Aproduces a nu= mbered heading in the form=0A.CW=0A.I a .\c=0A.I b .\c=0A.R=0A.I c .\|.\|.,= =0Ato any level desired,=0Awith the numbering of each depth increasing auto= matically and being=0Areset to zero when a more significant depth increases= =2E=0A.=0A\[lq]1\[rq]\~is the most significant or coarsest division of the= =0Adocument.=0A.=0AOnly nonzero values are output.=0A.=0AIf=0A.I depth=0Ais= omitted,=0Ait is taken to be=0A.CW 1 .=0A.=0AIf you specify=0A.I depth=0As= uch that an ascending gap occurs relative to the previous=0A.CW NH=0Acall\[= em]that is,=0Ayou \[lq]skip a depth\[rq],=0Aas by=0A.CW ".NH\~1" \[rq] \[lq= ]=0Aand then=0A.CW ".NH\~3" \[rq]\c \[lq]=0A.I "groff ms" "" \[em]=0Aemits = a warning on the standard error stream.=0AT}=0A\&.NH S \f[I]heading-depth-i= ndex\f[]\f[R] .\|.\|.\f[] T{=0AAlternatively,=0Ayou can give=0A.CW NH=0Aa f= irst argument=0A.CW S , of\~=0Afollowed by integers to number the heading d= epths explicitly.=0A.=0AFurther automatic numbering,=0Aif used,=0Aresumes u= sing the specified indices as their predecessors.=0A.=0A.\" Although undocu= mented in Tuthill's 4.2BSD ms.diffs paper...=0AThis feature is a Berkeley e= xtension.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AAn example may be illustrative.= =0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Acb | cb=0Alf(CR) | lB.=0AInput Result=0A_=0A= T{=0A.nf=0A\&.NH 1=0AAnimalia=0A\&.NH 2=0AArthropoda=0A\&.NH 3=0ACrustacea= =0A\&.NH 2=0AChordata=0A\&.NH S 6 6 6=0ADaimonia=0A\&.NH 1=0APlantae=0A.fi= =0AT} T{=0A.nf=0A1. Animalia=0A.sp=0A1.1. Arthropoda=0A.sp=0A1.1.1. Crus= tacea=0A.sp=0A1.2. Chordata=0A.sp=0A6.6.6. Daimonia=0A.sp=0A7. Plantae= =0A.fi=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AAfter=0A.CW .NH=0Ais called,=0Athe assign= ed number is made available in the strings=0A.CW SN\-DOT=0A(as it appears i= n a printed heading with default formatting,=0Afollowed by a terminating pe= riod)=0Aand=0A.CW SN\-NO\-DOT=0A(with the terminating period omitted).=0A.= =0AThese are GNU extensions.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AYou can control the style used= to print numbered headings by defining an=0Aappropriate alias for the stri= ng=0A.CW SN\-STYLE .=0A.=0ABy default,=0A.CW \[rs]*[SN\-STYLE]=0Ais aliased= to=0A.CW \[rs]*[SN\-DOT] .=0A.=0AIf you prefer to omit the terminating per= iod from numbers appearing in=0Anumbered headings,=0Ayou may define the ali= as as follows.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Alf(CR).=0A\&.als SN\-STYLE SN\= -NO\-DOT=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AAny such change in numbering style becomes e= ffective from the next use=0Aof=0A.CW .NH=0Afollowing redefinition of the a= lias for=0A.CW \[rs]*[SN\-STYLE] .=0A.=0AThe formatted number of the curren= t heading is available in=0A.CW \[rs]*[SN]=0A(a feature first documented by= Berkeley),=0Awhich facilitates its inclusion in,=0Afor example,=0Atable ca= ptions,=0Aequation labels,=0Aand=0A.CW .XS /\c=0A.CW .XA /\c=0A.CW .XE=0Ata= ble of contents entries.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb cb=0Alf(CR) lx .=0AMacro= Description=0A_=0A\&.SH [\f[I]depth\f[]] T{=0ASet an unnumbered heading.= =0A.=0AThe optional=0A.I depth=0Aargument is a GNU extension indicating the= heading depth corresponding=0Ato the=0A.I depth=0Aargument of=0A.CW .NH .= =0A.=0AIt matches the type size at which the heading is set to that of a=0A= numbered heading at the same depth when the=0A.CW \[rs]n[GROWPS]=0Aand=0A.C= W \[rs]n[PSINCR]=0Aheading size adjustment mechanism is in effect.=0AT}=0A.= TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe=0A.CW PSINCR=0Aregister defines an increment in type= size to be applied to a heading at=0Aa lesser depth than that specified in= =0A.CW \[rs]n[GROWPS] .=0A.=0AThe value of=0A.CW \[rs]n[PSINCR]=0Ashould be= specified in points with the=0A.CW p=0Ascaling unit and may include a frac= tional component;=0Afor example,=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Alf(CR).=0A\&= =2Enr PSINCR 1.5p=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0Asets a type size increment of 1.5 p= oints.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe=0A.CW GROWPS=0Aregister defines the heading dept= h above which the type size increment=0Aset by=0A.CW \[rs]n[PSINCR]=0Abecom= es effective.=0A.=0AFor each heading depth less than the value of=0A.CW \[r= s]n[GROWPS] ,=0Athe type size is increased by=0A.CW \[rs]n[PSINCR] .=0A.=0A= Setting=0A.CW \[rs]n[GROWPS]=0Ato a value less than\~2 disables the increme= ntal heading size feature.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AIn other words,=0Aif the value o= f=0A.CW GROWPS=0Aregister is greater than the=0A.I depth=0Aargument to a=0A= =2ECW .NH=0Aor=0A.CW .SH=0Acall,=0Athe type size of a heading produced by t= hese macros increases by=0A.CW \[rs]n[PSINCR]=0Aunits over=0A.CW \[rs]n[PS]= =0Amultiplied by the difference of=0A.CW \[rs]n[GROWPS]=0Aand=0A.I depth .= =0A.=0A.=0AFor example,=0Athe sequence=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Alf(CR).=0A= \&.nr PS 10=0A\&.nr GROWPS 3=0A\&.nr PSINCR 1.5p=0A\&.NH 1=0ACarnivora=0A\&= =2ENH 2=0AFelinae=0A\&.NH 3=0AFelis catus=0A\&.SH 2=0AMachairodontinae=0A.T= E=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0Awill cause \[lq]1. Carnivora\[rq] to be printed in 13-poi= nt text,=0Afollowed by \[lq]1.1. Felinae\[rq] in 11.5-point text,=0Awhile \= [lq]1.1.1. Felis catus\[rq] and all more deeply nested headings=0Awill rema= in in the 10-point text specified by the=0A.CW PS=0Aregister.=0A.=0A\[lq]Ma= chairodontinae\[rq] is printed at 11.5 points,=0Asince it corresponds to he= ading depth\~2.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe=0A.CW \[rs]n[HORPHANS]=0Aregister opera= tes in conjunction with the=0A.CW NH=0Aand=0A.CW SH=0Amacros to inhibit the= printing of isolated headings at the bottom of a=0Apage;=0Ait specifies th= e minimum number of lines of the subsequent paragraph=0Athat must be kept o= n the same page as the heading.=0A.=0AIf insufficient space remains on the = current page to accommodate the=0Aheading and this number of lines of parag= raph text,=0Aa page break is forced before the heading is printed.=0A.=0AAn= y display macro call or=0A.I tbl ,=0A.I pic ,=0Aor=0A.I eqn=0Aregion=0A(see= subsequent sections)=0Abetween the heading and the subsequent paragraph su= ppresses this=0Agrouping.=0A.=0A.=0A.\" The next table is huge and we need = a lot of room for it, but we=0A.\" can't use a keep because it's a boxed re= peated-heading table. Flush=0A.\" the pending output line and demand half = a page.=0A.br=0A.ne (\n[.p]u / 2u)=0A.NH 2=0ATypeface and decoration=0A.XS= =0A Typeface and decoration=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AThe=0A.I ms=0Amacros prov= ide a variety of ways to style text.=0A.=0AAttend closely to the ordering o= f arguments labeled=0A.I pre=0Aand=0A.I post,=0Awhich is not intuitive.=0A.= =0ASupport for=0A.I pre=0Aarguments is a GNU extension.\**=0A.FS=0AThis idi= osyncrasy arose through feature accretion;=0Afor example,=0Athe=0A.CW B=0Am= acro in Version\~6 Unix=0A.I ms=0A(1975) accepted only one argument,=0Athe = text to be set in boldface.=0A.=0ABy Version\~7 (1979) it recognized a seco= nd argument;=0Ain 1990,=0A.I "groff ms"=0Aadded a \*[Q]pre\*[U] argument,= =0Aplacing it third to avoid breaking support for older documents.=0A.FE=0A= =2E=0A.=0A.TS H=0Abox;=0Alb lb=0Alf(CR) lx.=0AMacro Description=0A_=0A.TH= =0A\&.B \f[R][\f[I]text\f[] [\f[I]post\f[] [\f[I]pre\f[]]]] T{=0AStyle=0A.I= text=0Ain=0A.B bold ,=0Afollowed by=0A.I post=0Ain the previous font style= without intervening space,=0Aand preceded by=0A.I pre=0Asimilarly.=0A.=0AW= ithout arguments,=0A.I ms=0Astyles subsequent text in bold=0Auntil the next= =0Aparagraphing,=0Aheading,=0Aor no-argument typeface macro call.=0AT}=0A_= =0A\&.R \f[R][\f[I]text\f[] [\f[I]post\f[] [\f[I]pre\f[]]]] T{=0AAs=0A.CW .= B ,=0Abut use the roman style=0A(upright text of normal weight)=0Ainstead o= f bold.=0A.=0AArgument recognition is a GNU extension.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.I \f[R= ][\f[I]text\f[] [\f[I]post\f[] [\f[I]pre\f[]]]] T{=0AAs=0A.CW .B ,=0Abut us= e an=0A.I italic=0Aor oblique style instead of bold.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.BI \f[R]= [\f[I]text\f[] [\f[I]post\f[] [\f[I]pre\f[]]]] T{=0AAs=0A.CW .B ,=0Abut use= a=0A.BI "bold italic"=0Aor bold oblique style instead of upright bold.=0A.= =0AThis is a Tenth Edition Research Unix extension.=0A.\" possibly 9th, but= definitely not Berkeley=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.CW \f[R][\f[I]text\f[] [\f[I]post\f[= ] [\f[I]pre\f[]]]] T{=0AAs=0A.CW .B ,=0Abut use a=0A.CW constant-width=0A(m= onospaced) roman typeface instead of bold.=0A.=0AThis is a Tenth Edition Re= search Unix extension.=0A.\" possibly 9th, but definitely not Berkeley=0AT}= =0A_=0A\&.BX \f[R][\f[I]text\f[]] T{=0ATypeset=0A.I text=0Aand draw a=0A.BX= box=0Aaround it.=0A.=0AOn terminal devices,=0Areverse video is used instea= d=0A(see the implementation note below).=0A.=0AIf you want=0A.I text=0Ato c= ontain space,=0Ause unbreakable space or horizontal motion escape sequences= =0A.CW \[rs]\[ti] , (=0A.CW \[rs]\c=0A.I space ,=0A.CW \[rs]\[ha] ,=0A.CW \= [rs]| ,=0A.CW \[rs]0 ,=0Aor=0A.CW \[rs]h ).=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.UL \f[R][\f[I]tex= t\f[] [\f[I]post\f[]]] T{=0ATypeset=0A.I text=0Awith an=0A.UL underline .= =0A.=0A.I post,=0Aif present,=0Ais set after=0A.I text=0Awith no intervenin= g space.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.LG T{=0ASet subsequent text in=0A.LG=0Alarger type= =0A.NL=0A(2\~points larger than the current size)=0Auntil the next=0Atype s= ize,=0Aparagraphing,=0Aor heading macro call.=0A.=0AYou can=0A.LG=0Aspecify= this macro=0A.LG=0Amultiple times=0A.NL=0Ato enlarge the type size as need= ed.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.SM T{=0ASet subsequent text in=0A.SM=0Asmaller type=0A.NL= =0A(2\~points smaller than the current size)=0Auntil the next=0Atype size,= =0Aparagraphing,=0Aor heading macro call.=0A.=0AYou can=0A.SM=0Aspecify thi= s macro=0A.SM=0Amultiple times=0A.NL=0Ato reduce the type size as needed.= =0AT}=0A_=0A\&.NL T{=0ASet subsequent text at the normal type size=0A.CW \[= rs]n[PS] ). (=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0A.I pre=0Aand=0A.I post=0Aarguments= =0Aare typically used to simplify the attachment of punctuation to styled= =0Awords.=0AWhen=0A.I pre=0Ais used,=0Aa hyphenation control escape sequenc= e=0A.CW \[rs]%=0Athat would ordinarily start=0A.I text=0Amust start=0A.I pr= e=0Ainstead to have the desired effect.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0ACb Cb=0AL= f(CR) L.=0AInput Result=0AT{=0A.na=0A.nh=0AThe CS course\[aq]s students fou= nd one C language keyword=0A.br=0A\&.CW static ) \[rs]%(=0A.br=0Amost troub= lesome.=0AT} T{=0AThe CS course's students found one C language keyword=0A.= CW static ) \%(=0Amost troublesome.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.KS=0AYou can use the = output line continuation escape sequence=0A.CW \[rs]c=0Ato achieve the same= result.=0A.=0AIt is also portable to some older=0A.I ms=0Aimplementations.= \" DWB 3.3 ms: no; Heirloom Doctools ms: yes=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0ACb = Cb=0ALf(CR) L.=0AInput Result=0AT{=0A.na=0A.nh=0AThe CS course\[aq]s studen= ts found one C language keyword=0A.br=0A\[rs]%(\[rs]c=0A.br=0A\&.CW static = )=0A.br=0Amost troublesome.=0AT} T{=0AThe CS course's students found one C = language keyword=0A\%(\c=0A.CW static )=0Amost troublesome.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.K= E=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0ARather than calling the=0A.CW CW=0Amacro,=0Ain=0A.I "grof= f ms"=0Ayou might prefer to change the font family to Courier by setting=0A= =2ECW \[rs]*[FAM]=0Ato=0A.CW C \[rq]. \[lq]=0A.=0AYou can then use all four= style macros above,=0Areturning to the default family (Times) with=0A.CW "= =2Eds FAM T" \[rq]. \[lq]=0A.=0ABecause changes to=0A.CW \[rs]*[FAM]=0Atake= effect only at the next paragraph,=0Athis document uses=0A.CW .CW=0Ato \[l= q]inline\[rq] a change to the font family,=0Amarking syntactical elements o= f=0A.I ms=0Aand=0A.I groff .=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.PP=0A.I "groff ms"=0Aalso off= ers strings to begin and end super- and subscripting.=0A.=0AThese are GNU e= xtensions.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Alb lb=0Alf(CR) lx.=0AString Description= =0A_=0A\[rs]*{ Begin superscripting.=0A\[rs]*} End superscripting.=0A_=0A\[= rs]*< Begin subscripting.=0A\[rs]*> End subscripting.=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.= =0A.nr PS -2=0A.nr VS -2=0A.LP=0A.B1=0A.hy 0=0A.I "Implementation note:"=0A= In=0A.CW nroff=0Amode,=0Athe=0A.CW BX=0Amacro \[lq]boxes\[rq] its argument = by bracketing it with=0A.I groff=0Aextension escape sequences to set the fo= reground color to black and the=0Abackground to white and then reset them t= o their previous values;=0Athe terminal output driver,=0A.I grotty (1),=0Ac= onverts these to ISO\~6429 color escape sequences,=0Awhich may be ignored o= r mishandled by some terminals,=0Aor may be disabled by=0A.I grotty 's=0A.C= W \-c=0Aoption.=0A.=0AFurther,=0Aif the terminal is set up to use these col= ors in those roles already,=0A.CW .BX=0Awill cause no visible effect in the= output.=0A.=0ASurmounting these challenges would require adding features t= o=0A.I grotty ,=0Afor instance to provide a mechanism to request ISO\~6429'= s=0A\[lq]standout\[rq] mode \" That's "smso" and "rmso" in terminfo.=0A(oft= en supported on monochrome terminals),=0Aor to replace the presumed support= of the terminal for ISO\~6429 escape=0Asequences with the use of a library= that can query the capabilities of=0Athe terminal and adapt the output sen= t to the device accordingly.=0A.=0A(Practically,=0Athis likely means adding= a dependency on=0A.CW libtinfo .)=0A.=0AContact the=0A.I groff=0Adevelopme= nt mailing list if you'd like to contribute.=0A.sp \n[PD]/2=0A.B2=0A.nr PS = +2=0A.nr VS +2=0A.=0A.=0A.NH 2=0ALists=0A.XS=0A Lists=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP= =0AThe=0A.I marker=0Aargument to the=0A.CW IP=0Amacro can be employed to pr= esent a variety of lists;=0Afor instance,=0Ayou can use a bullet glyph=0A.C= W \[rs][bu] ) (=0Afor unordered lists,=0Aa number=0A(or auto-incrementing r= egister)=0Afor numbered lists,=0Aor a word or phrase for glossary-style or = definition lists.=0A.=0AIf you set the paragraph indentation register=0A.CW= PI=0Abefore calling=0A.CW IP ,=0Ayou can later reorder the items in the li= st without having to ensure=0Athat a=0A.I width=0Aargument remains affixed = to the first call.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS H=0Abox center;=0Acb cb=0Alf(CR) l .=0AInp= ut Result=0A_=0A.TH=0AT{=0A.nf=0A\&.nr PI 2n=0AA bulleted list:=0A\&.IP \[r= s][bu]=0Alawyers=0A\&.IP \[rs][bu]=0Aguns=0A\&.IP \[rs][bu]=0Amoney=0A.fi= =0AT} T{=0A.nr PI 2n=0AA bulleted list:=0A.IP \[bu]=0Alawyers=0A.IP \[bu]= =0Aguns=0A.IP \[bu]=0Amoney=0AT}=0A_=0AT{=0A.nf=0A\&.nr step 0 1=0A\&.nr PI= 3n=0AA numbered list:=0A\&.IP \[rs]n+[step].=0Alawyers=0A\&.IP \[rs]n+[ste= p].=0Aguns=0A\&.IP \[rs]n+[step].=0Amoney=0A.fi=0AT} T{=0A.nr step 0 1=0A.n= r PI 3n=0AA numbered list:=0A.IP \n+[step].=0Alawyers=0A.IP \n+[step].=0Agu= ns=0A.IP \n+[step].=0Amoney=0AT}=0A_=0AT{=0A.nf=0AA glossary-style list:=0A= \&.IP lawyers 0.4i=0ATwo or more attorneys.=0A\&.IP guns=0AFirearms,=0Apref= erably large-caliber.=0A\&.IP money=0AGotta pay for those=0Alawyers and gun= s!=0A.fi=0AT} T{=0AA glossary-style list:=0A.=0A.IP lawyers 0.4i=0ATwo or m= ore attorneys.=0A.IP guns=0AFirearms,=0Apreferably large-caliber.=0A.IP mon= ey=0AGotta pay for those lawyers and guns!=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AIn th= e enumerated list example,=0Awe employed the=0A.CW nr=0Arequest to create a= register of our own,=0A.CW step .=0A.=0AWe initialized it to zero and assi= gned it an auto-increment of 1.=0A.=0AEach time we use the escape sequence= =0A.CW \[rs]n+[PI]=0A(note the plus sign),=0Athe formatter applies the incr= ement just before interpolating the=0Aregister's value.=0A.=0APreparing the= =0A.CW PI=0Aregister as well enables us to rearrange the list without the t= edium of=0Aupdating macro calls.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AIn the glossary example,= =0Aobserve how the=0A.CW IP=0Amacro places the definition on the same line = as the term if it has=0Aenough space.=0A.=0AIf this is not what you want,= =0Athere are a few workarounds we will illustrate by modifying the example.= =0A.=0AFirst,=0Ayou can use a=0A.CW br=0Arequest to force a break after pri= nting the term or label.=0A.=0ASecond,=0Ayou could apply the=0A.CW \[rs]p= =0Aescape sequence to force a break.=0A.=0AThe space following the escape s= equence is important;=0Aif you omit it,=0A.I groff=0Aprints the first word = of the paragraph text on the same line as the term=0Aor label=0A(if it fits= )=0A.I then=0Abreaks the line.=0A.=0AFinally,=0Ayou may append a horizontal= motion to the marker with the=0A.CW \[rs]h=0Aescape sequence;=0Ausing the = same amount as the indentation will ensure that the marker is=0Atoo wide fo= r=0A.I groff=0Ato treat it as \[lq]fitting\[rq] on the same line as the par= agraph text.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Acb | cb | cb=0Alf(CR) | lf(CR) = | lf(CR).=0AApproach #1 Approach #2 Approach #3=0A_=0AT{=0A.nf=0A\&.IP guns= =0A\&.br=0AFirearms,=0A.fi=0AT} T{=0A.nf=0A\&.IP guns=0A\[rs]p Firearms,=0A= =2Efi=0AT} T{=0A.nf=0A\&.IP guns\[rs]h\[aq]0.4i\[aq]=0AFirearms,=0A.fi=0AT}= =0A_=0A.T&=0Acb s s=0Al s s.=0AResult=0A_=0AT{=0AA glossary-style list:=0A.= =0A.IP lawyers 0.4i=0ATwo or more attorneys.=0A.IP guns\h\[aq]0.4i\[aq] 0.4= i=0AFirearms,=0Apreferably large-caliber.=0A.IP money=0AGotta pay for those= lawyers and guns!=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.NH 2=0AIndented regions=0A.XS=0A I= ndented regions=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AYou may need to indent a region of te= xt while otherwise formatting it=0Anormally.=0A.=0AIndented regions can be = nested;=0Ayou can change=0A.CW \[rs]n[PI]=0Abefore each call to vary the am= ount of inset.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb cb=0Alf(CR) lx .=0AMacro Descripti= on=0A_=0A\&.RS T{=0ABegin a region where headings,=0Aparagraphs,=0Aand disp= lays are indented (further) by=0A.CW \[rs]n[PI] .=0AT}=0A\&.RE T{=0AEnd the= (next) most recent indented region.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThis featur= e enables you to easily line up text under hanging and=0Aindented paragraph= s.=0A.=0AFor example,=0Ayou may wish to structure lists hierarchically.=0A.= =0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Acb cb=0Alf(CR)8 l .=0AInput Result=0A_=0AT{=0A.n= f=0A.CW=0A\&.IP \[rs][bu] 2=0ALawyers:=0A\&.RS=0A\&.IP \[rs][bu]=0ADewey,= =0A\&.IP \[rs][bu]=0ACheatham,=0Aand=0A\&.IP \[rs][bu]=0AHowe.=0A\&.RE=0A\&= =2EIP \[rs][bu]=0AGuns=0A.R=0A\&.\|.\|.=0A.fi=0AT} T{=0A.IP \[bu] 2=0ALawye= rs:=0A.RS=0A.IP \[bu]=0ADewey,=0A.IP \[bu]=0ACheatham,=0Aand=0A.IP \[bu]=0A= Howe.=0A.RE=0A.IP \[bu]=0AGuns=0A\&.\|.\|.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.NH 2=0AKee= ps, boxed keeps, and displays=0A.XS=0A Keeps, boxed keeps, and displays=0A.= XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AOn occasion,=0Ayou may want to=0A.I keep=0Aseveral lines= of text,=0Aor a region of a document,=0Atogether on a single page,=0Apreve= nting an automatic page break within certain boundaries.=0A.=0AThis can cau= se a page break to occur earlier than it normally would.=0A.=0AFor example,= =0Ayou may want to keep two paragraphs together,=0Aor a paragraph that refe= rs to a table,=0Alist,=0Aor figure adjacent to the item it discusses.=0A.= =0A.I ms=0Aprovides the=0A.CW KS=0Aand=0A.CW KE=0Amacros for this purpose.= =0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AYou can alternatively specify a=0A.I "floating keep:"=0Aif= a keep cannot fit on the current page,=0A.I ms=0Aholds its contents and al= lows material following the keep=0A(in the source document)=0Ato fill the r= emainder of the current page.=0A.=0AWhen the page breaks,=0Awhether by reac= hing the end or=0A.CW bp=0Arequest,=0A.I ms=0Aputs the floating keep at the= beginning of the next page.=0A.=0AThis is useful for placing large graphic= s or tables that do not need to=0Aappear exactly where they occur in the so= urce document.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb cb=0Alf(CR) lx .=0AMacro Descripti= on=0A_=0A\&.KS Begin a keep.=0A\&.KF Begin a floating keep.=0A_=0A\&.KE End= (floating) keep.=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AAs an alternative to the keep mecha= nism,=0Athe=0A.CW ne=0Arequest forces a page break if there is not at least= the amount of=0Avertical space specified in its argument remaining on the = page.=0A.=0AOne application of=0A.CW ne=0Ais to reserve space on the page f= or a figure or illustration to be=0Aincluded later.=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.PP=0AA= =0A.I "boxed keep"=0Ahas a frame drawn around it.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb= cb=0Alf(CR) lx .=0AMacro Description=0A_=0A\&.B1 Begin a keep with a box d= rawn around it.=0A\&.B2 End boxed keep.=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.LP=0AB= oxed keep macros cause breaks;=0Aif you need to box a word or phrase within= a line,=0Asee the=0A.CW BX=0Amacro in section \[lq]Typeface and decoration= \[rq] above.=0A.=0ABox lines are drawn as close as possible to the text the= y enclose so=0Athat they are usable within paragraphs.=0A.=0AIf you wish to= place one or more paragraphs in a boxed keep,=0Ayou may improve their appe= arance by calling=0A.CW .B1=0Aafter the first paragraphing macro,=0Aand by = adding a small amount of vertical space before calling=0A.CW .B2 .=0A.=0A.= =0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Alf(CR).=0A\&.LP=0A\&.B1=0A\&.I Warning:=0AHappy Fun = Ball may suddenly accelerate to dangerous speeds.=0A\&.sp \[rs]n[PD]/2 \[rs= ]" space by half the inter-paragraph distance=0A\&.B2=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.= =0A.LP=0AIf you want a boxed keep to float,=0Ayou will need to enclose the= =0A.CW .B1=0Aand=0A.CW .B2=0Acalls within a pair of=0A.CW .KF=0Aand=0A.CW .= KE=0Acalls.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0A.I Displays=0Aturn off filling;=0Alines of vers= e or program code are shown with their lines broken as in=0Athe source docu= ment without requiring=0A.CW br=0Arequests between lines.=0A.=0ADisplays ca= n be kept on a single page or allowed to break across pages.=0A.=0AThe=0A.C= W DS=0Amacro begins a kept display of the layout specified in its first=0Aa= rgument;=0Anon-kept displays are begun with dedicated macros corresponding = to their=0Alayout.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb s | cb=0Acb cb | ^=0Alf(CR) lf= (CR) | lx .=0ADisplay macro Description=0AWith keep Without keep=0A_=0A\&.D= S L \&.LD Begin left-aligned display.=0A\&.DS \f[R][\f[]I\f[R] [\,\f[I]inde= nt\/\f[]]] \=0A\&.ID \f[R][\,\f[I]indent\/\f[]] T{=0ABegin display indented= by=0A.I indent=0Aif given,=0A.CW \[rs]n[DI]=0Aotherwise.=0AT}=0A\&.DS B \&= =2EBD T{=0ABegin block display=0A(left-aligned with longest line centered).= =0AT}=0A\&.DS C \&.CD Begin centered display.=0A\&.DS R \&.RD T{=0ABegin ri= ght-aligned display.=0AThis is a GNU extension.=0AT}=0A_=0A.T&=0Acf(CR) s |= lx .=0A\&.DE End any display.=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe distance stored in= =0A.CW \[rs]n[DD]=0Ais inserted before and after each pair of display macro= s,=0Areplacing any adjacent inter-paragraph distance;=0Athis is a Berkeley = extension.=0A.=0AThe=0A.CW DI=0Aregister is a GNU extension;=0Aits value is= an indentation applied to displays created with=0A.CW .DS=0Aand=0A.CW .ID= =0Awithout arguments,=0Ato=0A.CW .DS\~I \[rq] \[lq]=0Awithout an indentatio= n argument,=0Aand to equations set with=0A.CW .EQ\~I \[rq]. \[lq]=0A.=0ACha= nges to either register take effect at the next display boundary.=0A.=0A.= =0A.KS=0A.NH 2=0ATables, figures, equations, and references=0A.XS=0A Tables= , figures, equations, and references=0A.XE=0A.LP=0AThe=0A.I ms=0Apackage is= often used with the=0A.I tbl ,=0A.I pic ,=0A.I eqn ,=0Aand=0A.I refer=0Apr= eprocessors.=0A.=0AThe=0A.CW \[rs]n[DD]=0Adistance is also applied to regio= ns of the document preprocessed with=0A.I tbl ,=0A.I pic ,=0Aand=0A.I eqn .= =0A.=0AMark text meant for preprocessors by enclosing it in pairs of tokens= as=0Afollows,=0Awith nothing between the dot and the macro name.=0A.=0AThe= preprocessors match these tokens only at the start of an input line.=0A.= =0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb cb=0Alf(CR) lx .=0ATag pair Description=0A_=0AT{=0A\= &.TS=0A.R=0A.CW H ] [=0A.CW=0A.br=0A\&.TE=0AT} T{=0ADemarcate a table to be= processed by the=0A.I tbl=0Apreprocessor.=0A.=0AThe optional=0A.CW H=0Aarg= ument to=0A.CW .TS=0Ainstructs=0A.I ms=0Ato repeat table rows=0A(often colu= mn headings)=0Aat the top of each new page the table spans,=0Aif applicable= ;=0Acalling the=0A.CW TH=0Amacro marks the end of such rows.=0A.=0AThe GNU= =0A.I tbl (1)=0Aman page provides a comprehensive reference to the preproce= ssor and=0Aoffers examples of its use.=0AT}=0A_=0AT{=0A\&.PS=0A.br=0A\&.PE= =0A.br=0A\&.PF=0AT} T{=0A.CW .PS=0Abegins a picture to be processed by the= =0A.I pic=0Apreprocessor;=0Aeither of=0A.CW .PE=0Aor=0A.CW .PF=0Aends it,= =0Athe latter with \[lq]flyback\[rq] to the vertical position at its top.= =0A.=0AYou can create=0A.I pic=0Ainput manually or with a program such as= =0A.I xfig (1).=0AT}=0A_=0AT{=0A\&.EQ=0A.R=0A.I align \~[\c [=0A.I label ]]= =0A.CW=0A.br=0A\&.EN=0AT} T{=0ADemarcate an equation to be processed by the= =0A.I eqn=0Apreprocessor.=0A.=0AThe equation is centered by default;=0A.I a= lign=0Acan be=0A.CW C ,=0A.CW L ,=0Aor=0A.CW I=0Ato (explicitly) center,=0A= left-align,=0Aor indent it by=0A.CW \[rs]n[DI] ,=0Arespectively.=0A.=0AIf s= pecified,=0A.I label=0Ais set right-aligned.=0AT}=0A_=0AT{=0A\&.[=0A.br=0A\= &.]=0AT} T{=0ADemarcate a bibliographic citation to be processed by the=0A.= I refer=0Apreprocessor.=0A.=0AThe GNU=0A.I refer (1)=0Aman page provides a = comprehensive reference to the preprocessor and the=0Aformat of its bibliog= raphic database.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AWhen=0A.I refer=0Aemits c= ollected references=0A(as might be done on a \[lq]Works Cited\[rq] page),= =0Ait interpolates the string=0A.CW \[rs]*[REFERENCES]=0Aas an unnumbered h= eading=0A.CW .SH ). (=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.PP=0AThe following is an example of = how to set up a table that may print=0Aacross two or more pages.=0A.=0A.=0A= =2ETS=0Abox center;=0Al .=0AT{=0A.nf=0A.CW=0A\&.TS H=0Aallbox;=0ACb | Cb .= =0APart\[->]Description=0A_=0A\&.TH=0A\&.T&=0AL | Lx .=0AGH-1978\[->]Fribul= ating gonkulator=0A.R=0A\&.\|.\|.\|the rest of the table follows\|.\|.\|.= =0A.CW=0A\&.TE=0A.R=0A.fi=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0AAttempting to place a multi-= page table inside a keep can lead to=0Aunpleasant results,=0Aparticularly i= f the=0A.I tbl=0A.CW allbox=0Aoption is used.=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AMathema= tics can be typeset using the language of the=0A.I eqn=0Apreprocessor.=0A.= =0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0ALf(CR).=0A\&.EQ C (\[rs]*[SN\-NO\-DOT]a)=0Ap \[t= i] =3D \[ti] q sqrt { 1 + \[ti] ( x / q sup 2 ) }=0A\&.EN=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0AT= his input formats a labelled equation.=0A.=0AWe used the=0A.CW SN\-NO\-DOT= =0Astring to base the equation label on the current heading number,=0Agivin= g us more flexibility to reorganize the document.=0A.=0A.=0A.EQ C (\*[SN-NO= -DOT]a)=0Ap ~ =3D ~ q sqrt { 1 + ~ ( x / q sup 2 ) }=0A.EN=0A.=0AUse=0A.I g= roff=0Aoptions=0Ato run preprocessors on the input:=0A.CW \-e=0Afor=0A.I eq= n ,=0A.CW \-p=0Afor=0A.I pic ,=0A.CW \-R=0Afor=0A.I refer ,=0Aand=0A.CW \-t= =0Afor=0A.I tbl.=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.NH 2=0AFootnotes=0A.XS=0A Footnotes=0A.XE= =0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0A.\" The following sentence is used below as an example as = well. Keep it=0A.\" in sync.=0AA footnote is typically anchored to a place= in the text with a=0A.I marker,=0Awhich is a small integer,\**=0A.FS=0Alik= e this numeric footnote=0A.FE=0Aa symbol,\*{\[dg]\*}=0A.FS \[dg]=0Alike thi= s symbolic footnote=0A.FE=0Aor arbitrary user-specified text.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS= =0Abox;=0Alb lb=0Alf(CR) lx.=0AString Description=0A_=0A\[rs]** T{=0APlace = an=0A.I "automatic number,"=0Aan automatically updated numeric footnote mar= ker,=0Ain the text.=0A.=0AEach time this string is interpolated,=0Athe numb= er it produces increments by one.=0A.=0AAutomatic numbers start at 1.=0A.= =0AThis is a Berkeley extension.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AEnclose t= he footnote text in=0A.CW FS=0Aand=0A.CW FE=0Amacro calls to set it at the = nearest available \[lq]foot\[rq],=0Aor bottom,=0Aof a text column or page.= =0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb cb=0AlfCR lx .=0AMacro Description=0A_=0A\&.FS \= f[R][\f[I]marker\f[]] T{=0ABegin a footnote.=0A.=0AThe=0A.CW FS\-MARK=0Ahoo= k=0A(see below)=0Ais called with any supplied=0A.I marker=0Aargument,=0Awhi= ch is then also placed at the beginning of the footnote text.=0A.=0AIf=0A.I= marker=0Ais omitted,=0Athe next pending automatic number enqueued by inter= polation of the=0A.CW *=0Astring is used,=0Aand if none exists,=0Anothing i= s prefixed.=0A.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.FE End footnote text.=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AY= ou may not desire automatically numbered footnotes in spite of their=0Aconv= enience.=0A.=0AYou can indicate a footnote with a symbol or other text by s= pecifying=0Aits marker at the appropriate place=0A(for example,=0Aby using= =0A.CW \[rs][dg]=0Afor the dagger glyph)=0A.I and=0Aas an argument to the= =0A.CW FS=0Amacro.=0A.=0ASuch manual marks should be repeated as arguments = to=0A.CW .FS=0Aor as part of the footnote text to disambiguate their corres= pondence.=0A.=0AYou may wish to use=0A.CW \[rs]*{=0Aand=0A.CW \[rs]*}=0Ato = superscript the marker at the anchor point,=0Ain the footnote text,=0Aor bo= th.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0A.I "groff ms"=0Aprovides a hook macro,=0A.CW FS\-MARK ,= =0Afor user-determined operations to be performed when the=0A.CW FS=0Amacro= is called.=0A.=0AIt is passed the same arguments as=0A.CW FS=0Aitself.=0A.= =0AAn application of=0A.CW FS\-MARK=0Ais anchor placement for a hyperlink r= eference,=0Aso that a footnote can link back to its referential context.\**= =0A.=0A.FS=0A\[lq]Portable Document Format Publishing with GNU Troff\[rq],= =0A.I pdfmark.ms=0Ain the=0A.I groff=0Adistribution,=0Auses this technique.= =0A.FE=0A.=0ABy default,=0Athis macro has an empty definition.=0A.=0A.CW FS= \-MARK=0Ais a GNU extension.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe following input was used t= o produce the first sentence in this=0Asection.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;= =0AlfCR.=0AA footnote is anchored to a place in the text with a=0A\&.I mark= er,=0Awhich is a small integer,\[rs]**=0A\&.FS=0Alike this numeric footnote= =0A\&.FE=0Aa symbol,\[rs]*{\[rs][dg]\[rs]*}=0A\&.FS \[rs][dg]=0Alike this s= ymbolic footnote=0A\&.FE=0Aor arbitrary user-specified text.=0A.TE=0A.=0A.= =0A.PP=0AFootnotes can be safely used within keeps and displays,=0Abut you = should avoid using automatically numbered footnotes within=0Afloating keeps= =2E=0A.=0AYou can place a second=0A.CW \[rs]**=0Ainterpolation between a=0A= =2ECW \[rs]**=0Aand its corresponding=0A.CW .FS=0Acall as long as each=0A.C= W .FS=0Acall occurs=0A.I after=0Athe corresponding=0A.CW \[rs]**=0Aand occu= rrences of=0A.CW .FS=0Aare in the same order as corresponding occurrences o= f=0A.CW \[rs]** .=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AFootnote text is formatted as paragraphs = are,=0Ausing analogous parameters.=0A.=0AThe registers=0A.CW FI ,=0A.CW FPD= ,=0A.CW FPS ,=0Aand=0A.CW FVS=0Acorrespond to=0A.CW PI ,=0A.CW PD ,=0A.CW = PS ,=0Aand=0A.CW VS ,=0Arespectively;=0A.CW FPD ,=0A.CW FPS ,=0Aand=0A.CW F= VS=0Aare GNU extensions.=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.PP=0AThe=0A.CW FF=0Aregister cont= rols the formatting of automatically numbered footnote=0Aparagraphs,=0Aand = those for which=0A.CW .FS=0Ais given a=0A.I marker=0Aargument,=0Aat the bot= tom of a column or page as follows.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb cb=0Alf(CR) l= x .=0A\f[CB]FF\f[] value Description=0A_=0A0 T{=0ASet an automatic number a= s a superscript=0A(on typesetter devices)=0Aor surrounded by square bracket= s=0A(on terminals).=0A.=0AThe footnote paragraph is indented as with=0A.CW = =2EPP=0Aif there is an=0A.CW .FS=0Aargument or an automatic number,=0Aand a= s with=0A.CW .LP=0Aotherwise.=0A.=0AThis is the default.=0AT}=0A1 T{=0AAs= =0A.CW 0 ,=0Abut set the marker as regular text,=0Aand follow an automatic = number with a period.=0AT}=0A2 T{=0AAs=0A.CW 1 ,=0Abut without indentation= =0A(like=0A.CW .LP ).=0AT}=0A3 T{=0AAs=0A.CW 1 ,=0Abut set the footnote par= agraph with the marker hanging=0A(like=0A.CW .IP ).=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A= =2E=0A.PP=0AThe default footnote line length is 11/12ths of the normal line= length=0Afor compatibility with the expectations of historical=0A.I ms=0Ad= ocuments;=0Ayou may wish to set=0A.CW \[rs]*[FR]=0Ato=0A.CW 1=0Ato align wi= th contemporary typesetting practices.=0A.=0AIn the past,\**=0A.FS=0AUnix= =0AVersion\~7=0A.I ms ,=0Aits descendants,=0Aand=0A.I "groff ms"=0Aprior to= version 1.23.0=0A.FE=0Aan=0A.CW FL=0Aregister was used for the line length= in footnotes;=0Ahowever,=0Asetting this register at document initializatio= n time had no effect on=0Athe footnote line length in multi-column arrangem= ents.\**=0A.=0A.FS=0AYou could reset it after each call to=0A.CW .1C ,=0A.C= W .2C ,=0Aor=0A.CW .MC .=0A.FE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0A.CW \[rs]*[FR]=0Ashould be u= sed in preference to=0A.CW \[rs]n[FL]=0Ain contemporary documents.=0A.=0ATh= e footnote line length is effectively computed as=0A.I column-width "" \[lq= ]=0A.CW "\~*\~\[rs]*[FR]" \[rq].=0A.=0AIf an absolute footnote line length = is required,=0Arecall that arithmetic expressions in the=0A.I roff=0Alangua= ge are evaluated strictly from left to right,=0Awith no operator precedence= =0A(parentheses are honored).=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Alf(CR).=0A\&.ds= FR 0+3i \[rs]" Set footnote line length to 3 inches.=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP \= " continuing previous paragraph=0AChanges to the footnote length ratio=0A.C= W \[rs]*[FR]=0Atake effect with the next footnote written in single-column= =0Aarrangements,=0Abut on the next page in multiple-column contexts.=0A.=0A= =2E=0A.KS=0A.NH 2=0ALanguage and localization=0A.XS=0A Language and localiz= ation=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0A.I "groff ms"=0Aprovides several strings that y= ou can customize for your own purposes,=0Aor redefine to adapt the macro pa= ckage to languages other than English.=0A.=0AIt is already localized for=0A= =2E\" cs, de, fr, it, sv=0ACzech,=0AGerman,=0AFrench,=0AItalian,=0Aand=0ASw= edish.=0A.=0ALoad the desired localization macro package after=0A.I ms ;=0A= see the=0A.I groff_tmac (5)=0Aman page.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Alf(CR= ).=0A$ \f[CB]groff \-ms \-mfr bienvenue.ms=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe follow= ing strings are available.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Acb lb=0Alf(CR) lf(CR) = =2E=0AString Default=0A_=0A\[rs]*[REFERENCES] References=0A\[rs]*[ABSTRACT]= \[rs]f[I]ABSTRACT\[rs]f[]=0A\[rs]*[TOC] Table of Contents=0A\[rs]*[MONTH1]= January=0A\[rs]*[MONTH2] February=0A\[rs]*[MONTH3] March=0A\[rs]*[MONTH4] = April=0A\[rs]*[MONTH5] May=0A\[rs]*[MONTH6] June=0A\[rs]*[MONTH7] July=0A\[= rs]*[MONTH8] August=0A\[rs]*[MONTH9] September=0A\[rs]*[MONTH10] October=0A= \[rs]*[MONTH11] November=0A\[rs]*[MONTH12] December=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AT= he default for=0A.CW \[rs]*[ABSTRACT]=0Aincludes font selection escape sequ= ences to set the word in italics.=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.NH 2=0AGlyphs for = special characters=0A.XS=0A Glyphs for special characters=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.= LP=0ASome of the special character escape sequences used in this document= =0Aare listed below.=0A.=0AThe minus sign glyph can also be accessed by the= shorthand=0A.CW \[rs]\[mi] .=0A.=0AThese and many others are documented in= the=0A.I groff_char (7)=0Aman page.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0ACb Lb Lb= =0ALf(CR) L L .=0AInput Appearance Description=0A_=0A\[rs][\-] \[mi] minus = sign=0A\[rs][\->] \[->] right arrow=0A\[rs][aq] \[aq] neutral apostrophe=0A= \[rs][bu] \[bu] bullet=0A\[rs][dq] \[dq] neutral double quote=0A\[rs][dg] \= [dg] dagger=0A\[rs][em] \[em] em dash=0A\[rs][ha] \[ha] circumflex accent (= caret, hat)=0A\[rs][lg] \[lq] left double quotation mark=0A\[rs][rq] \[rq] = right double quotation mark=0A\[rs][rs] \[rs] reverse solidus (backslash)= =0A\[rs][sd] \[sd] seconds (double prime) mark=0A\[rs][ti] \[ti] tilde=0A.T= E=0A.KE=0A.=0A.\" ------------------------=0A.if t .bp=0A.NH 1=0APage layou= t=0A.XS=0APage layout=0A.XE=0A.LP=0A.I ms 's=0Adefault page layout arranges= text=0Ain a single column=0Awith the page number=0Abetween hyphens=0Acente= red in a header=0Aon each page=0Aexcept the first,=0Aand produces no footer= s.=0A.=0AYou can customize this arrangement.=0A.=0A.=0A.NH 2=0AHeaders and = footers=0A.XS=0A Headers and footers=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AThere are multip= le ways to produce headers and footers.=0A.=0AOne is to define the strings= =0A.CW LH ,=0A.CW CH ,=0Aand=0A.CW RH=0Ato set the left,=0Acenter,=0Aand ri= ght headers,=0Arespectively;=0Aand=0A.CW LF ,=0A.CW CF ,=0Aand=0A.CW RF=0At= o set the left,=0Acenter,=0Aand right footers.=0A.=0AThis approach suffices= for documents that do not distinguish odd- and=0Aeven-numbered pages.=0A.= =0A.=0A.PP=0AAnother method is to call macros that set headers or footers f= or odd- or=0Aeven-numbered pages.=0A.=0AEach such macro takes a delimited a= rgument separating the left,=0Acenter,=0Aand right header or footer texts f= rom each other.=0A.=0AYou can replace the neutral apostrophes (\[aq]) shown= below with any=0Acharacter not appearing in the header or footer text.=0A.= =0AThese macros are Berkeley extensions.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Alb lb=0Alf(= CR) lx.=0AMacro Description=0A_=0A\&.OH \[aq]\f[I]left\f[]\[aq]\f[I]center\= f[]\[aq]\f[I]right\f[]\[aq]\=0A T{=0ASet the left, center, and right header= s on odd-numbered (recto) pages.=0AT}=0A\&.OF \[aq]\f[I]left\f[]\[aq]\f[I]c= enter\f[]\[aq]\f[I]right\f[]\[aq]\=0A T{=0ASet the left, center, and right = footers on odd-numbered (recto) pages.=0AT}=0A\&.EH \[aq]\f[I]left\f[]\[aq]= \f[I]center\f[]\[aq]\f[I]right\f[]\[aq]\=0A T{=0ASet the left, center, and = right headers on even-numbered (verso) pages.=0AT}=0A\&.EF \[aq]\f[I]left\f= []\[aq]\f[I]center\f[]\[aq]\f[I]right\f[]\[aq]\=0A T{=0ASet the left, cente= r, and right footers on even-numbered (verso) pages.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.= PP=0ABy default,=0A.I ms=0Aplaces no header on any page numbered \[lq]1\[rq= ]=0A(regardless of its number format).=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Alb lb=0Alf(CR= ) lx.=0AMacro Description=0A_=0A\&.P1 T{=0ATypeset the header even on page\= ~1.=0A.=0ATo be effective,=0Athis macro must be called before the header tr= ap is sprung on any page=0Anumbered \[lq]1\[rq];=0Ain practice,=0Aunless yo= ur page numbering is unusual,=0Athis means that you should call it early,= =0Abefore=0A.CW .TL=0Aor any heading or paragraphing macro.=0A.=0AThis is a= Berkeley extension.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AFor even greater flexibilit= y,=0A.I ms=0Ais designed to permit the redefinition of the macros that are = called=0Awhen the=0A.I groff=0Atraps that ordinarily cause the headers and = footers to be output are=0Asprung.=0A.=0A.CW PT=0A(\[lq]page trap\[rq])=0Ai= s called by=0A.I ms=0Awhen the header is to be written,=0Aand=0A.CW BT=0A(\= [lq]bottom trap\[rq])=0Awhen the footer is to be.=0A.=0AThe page location t= rap that=0A.I ms=0Asets up to format the header also calls the=0A(normally = undefined)=0A.CW HD=0Amacro after=0A.CW .PT ;=0Ayou can define=0A.CW .HD=0A= if you need additional processing after setting the header=0A(for example,= =0Ato draw a line below it).=0A.=0A.\" Although undocumented in Tuthill's 4= =2E2BSD ms.diffs paper...=0AThe=0A.CW HD=0Ahook is a Berkeley extension.=0A= =2E=0AAny such macros you (re)define must implement any desired specializat= ion=0Afor odd-,=0Aeven-,=0Aor first numbered pages.=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.NH 2= =0ATab stops=0A.XS=0A Tab stops=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AUse the=0A.CW ta=0Are= quest to set tab stops as needed.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Alb lb=0Alf(CR) lx.= =0AMacro Description=0A_=0A\&.TA T{=0AReset the tab stops to the=0A.I ms=0A= default=0A(every 5 ens).=0A.=0ARedefine this macro to create a different se= t of default tab stops.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.NH 2=0AMargins=0A= =2EXS=0A Margins=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0AControl margins using the registers = summarized in the \[lq]Margins\[rq]=0Aportion of the table in section \[lq]= Document control settings\[rq]=0Aabove.=0A.=0AThere is no setting for the r= ight margin;=0Athe combination of page offset=0A.CW \[rs]n[PO]=0Aand line l= ength=0A.CW \[rs]n[LL]=0Adetermines it.=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.NH 2=0AMulti= ple columns=0A.XS=0A Multiple columns=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0A.I ms=0Acan set= text in as many columns as reasonably fit on the page.=0A.=0AThe following= macros force a page break if a multi-column layout is=0Aactive when they a= re called.=0A.=0A.CW \[rs]n[MINGW]=0Ais the default minimum gutter width;= =0Ait is a GNU extension.=0A.=0AWhen multiple columns are in use,=0Akeeps= =0Aand the=0A.CW \%HORPHANS=0Aand=0A.CW \%PORPHANS=0Aregisters=0Awork with = respect to column breaks instead of page breaks.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb = cb=0Alf(CR) lx .=0AMacro Description=0A_=0A\&.1C T{=0AArrange page text in = a single column (the default).=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.2C T{=0AArrange page text in t= wo columns.=0AT}=0A_=0A\&.MC \f[R][\f[I]column-width\f[] [\f[I]gutter-width= \f[]]] T{=0AArrange page text in multiple columns.=0A.=0AIf you specify no = arguments,=0Ait is equivalent to the=0A.CW 2C=0Amacro.=0A.=0AOtherwise,=0A.= I column-width=0Ais the width of each column and=0A.I gutter-width=0Ais the= minimum distance between columns.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.\" ---------= ---------------=0A.NH 2=0ACreating a table of contents=0A.XS=0A Creating a = table of contents=0A.XE=0A.LP=0ABecause=0A.I roff=0Aformatters process thei= r input in a single pass,=0Amaterial on page 50,=0Afor example,=0Acannot in= fluence what appears on page\~1\[em]this poses a challenge for=0Aa table of= contents at its traditional location in front matter,=0Aif you wish to avo= id manually maintaining it.=0A.=0A.I ms=0Aenables the collection of materia= l to be presented in the table of=0Acontents as it appears,=0Asaving its pa= ge number along with it,=0Aand then emitting the collected contents on dema= nd toward the end of the=0Adocument.=0A.=0AThe table of contents can then b= e resequenced to its desired location=0Aas part of post-processing\[em]with= a PDF page relocation tool,=0Aor by physically rearranging the pages of a = printed document,=0Adepending on the output format and circumstances.=0A.= =0A.=0A.PP=0ADefine an entry to appear in the table of contents by bracketi= ng its=0Atext between calls to the=0A.CW XS=0Aand=0A.CW XE=0Amacros.=0A.=0A= A typical application is to call them immediately after=0A.CW NH=0Aor=0A.CW= SH=0Aand repeat the heading text within them.=0A.=0AThe=0A.CW XA=0Amacro,= =0Aused within=0A.CW .XS /\c=0A.CW .XE=0Apairs,=0Asupplements an entry\[em]= for instance,=0Awhen it requires multiple output lines,=0Awhether because a= heading is too long to fit or because style dictates=0Athat page numbers n= ot be repeated.=0A.=0AYou may wish to indent the text thus wrapped to corre= spond to its=0Aheading depth;=0Athis can be done in the entry text by prefi= xing it with tabs or=0Ahorizontal motion escape sequences,=0Aor by providin= g a second argument to the=0A.CW XA=0Amacro.=0A.=0A.CW .XS=0Aand=0A.CW .XA= =0Aautomatically associate the page number where they are called with the= =0Atext following them,=0Abut they accept arguments to override this behavi= or.=0A.=0AAt the end of the document,=0Acall=0A.CW TC=0Aor=0A.CW PX=0Ato em= it the table of contents;=0A.CW .TC=0Aresets the page number=0A.B i "" to\~= =0A(Roman numeral one),=0Aand then calls=0A.CW PX .=0A.=0AAll of these macr= os are Berkeley extensions.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb cb=0Alf(CR) lx .=0AMacro = Description=0A_=0A\&.XS \f[R][\f[I]page-number\f[]] T{=0ABegin,=0Asupplemen= t,=0Aand end a table of contents entry.=0A.=0AEach entry is associated with= =0A.I page-number=0A(otherwise the current page number);=0Aa=0A.I page-numb= er=0Aof=0A.CW no=0Aprevents a leader and page number from being emitted for= that entry.=0A.=0AUse of=0A.CW .XA=0Awithin=0A.CW .XS /\c=0A.CW .XE=0Ais o= ptional;=0Ait can be repeated.=0A.=0AIf=0A.I indentation=0Ais present,=0Aa = supplemental entry is indented by that amount;=0Aens are assumed if no unit= is indicated.=0A.=0AText on input lines between=0A.CW .XS=0Aand=0A.CW .XE= =0Ais stored for later recall by=0A.CW .PX .=0AT}=0A\&.XA \f[R][\f[I]page-n= umber\f[] [\f[I]indentation\f[]]] \^=0A\&.XE \^=0A_=0A\&.PX \f[R][\f[]no\f[= R]] T{=0ASwitch to single-column layout.=0A.=0AUnless=0A.CW no=0Ais specifi= ed,=0Acenter and interpolate=0A.CW \[rs]*[TOC]=0Ain bold and two points lar= ger than the body text.=0A.=0AEmit the table of contents entries.=0AT}=0A_= =0A\&.TC \f[R][\f[]no\f[R]] T{=0ASet the page number to\~1,=0Athe page numb= er format to lowercase Roman numerals,=0Aand call=0A.CW PX=0A(with a=0A.CW = no=0Aargument,=0Aif present).=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.PP=0AHere's an ex= ample of typical=0A.I ms=0Atable of contents preparation and=0Aits result.= =0A.=0AWe employ horizontal escape sequences=0A.CW \[rs]h=0Ato indent the e= ntries by sectioning depth.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0AL.=0AT{=0A.nf=0A.CW= =0A\&.NH 1=0AIntroduction=0A\&.XS=0AIntroduction=0A\&.XE=0A.R=0A\&.\|.\|.= =0A.CW=0A\&.NH 2=0AMethodology=0A\&.XS=0A\[rs]h\[aq]2n\[aq]Methodology=0A\&= =2EXA no=0A\[rs]h\[aq]4n\[aq]Fassbinder\[aq]s Approach=0A\&.XA no=0A\[rs]h\= [aq]4n\[aq]Kahiu\[aq]s Approach=0A\&.XE=0A.R=0A\&.\|.\|.=0A.CW=0A\&.NH 1=0A= Findings=0A\&.XS=0AFindings=0A\&.XE=0A.R=0A\&.\|.\|.=0A.CW=0A\&.TC=0A.fi=0A= T}=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.nr SavedPageNumber \n%=0A.nr SavedH1 \n[H1] \" groff = ms internal name=0A.nr SavedH2 \n[H2] \" groff ms internal name=0A.nr % 1= =0A.rr H1=0A.rr H2=0A.als SavedTOC toc*div \" groff ms internal name=0A.rm = toc*div=0A.di ThrowAway=0A.NH 1=0AIntroduction=0A.XS=0AIntroduction=0A.XE= =0A.nr % 2=0A.NH 2=0AMethodology=0A.XS=0A\h'2n'Methodology=0A.XA no=0A\h'4n= 'Fassbinder's Approach=0A.XA no=0A\h'4n'Kahiu's Approach=0A.XE=0A.nr % 5=0A= =2ENH 1=0AFindings=0A.XS=0AFindings=0A.XE=0A.br=0A.di=0A.\" We can't emit t= he TOC inside a B1/B2 box, so use lines instead.=0A.R=0A\l'\n[.l]u'=0A.PX= =0A\l'\n[.l]u'=0A.als toc*div SavedTOC=0A.rm SavedTOC=0A.nr % \n[SavedPageN= umber]=0A.nr H1 \n[SavedH1]=0A.nr H2 \n[SavedH2]=0A.rr SavedPageNumber=0A.r= r SavedH1=0A.rr SavedH2=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe remaining features in this subs= ection are GNU extensions.=0A.=0A.I "groff ms"=0Aobviates the need to repea= t heading text after=0A.CW XS=0Acalls.=0A.=0ACall=0A.CW XN=0Aand=0A.CW XH= =0Aafter=0A.CW NH=0Aand=0A.CW SH ,=0Arespectively.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Ac= b cb=0Alf(CR) lx .=0AMacro Description=0A_=0A\&.XN \f[I]heading-text T{=0AF= ormat=0A.I heading-text=0Aand create a corresponding table of contents entr= y;=0Athe indentation is computed from the depth of the preceding=0A.CW NH= =0Acall.=0AT}=0A\&.XH \f[I]depth heading-text T{=0AAs=0A.CW .XN ,=0Abut use= =0A.I depth=0Ato determine the indentation.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.KS=0A.PP= =0A.I groff ms=0Aencourages customization of table of contents entry produc= tion.=0A.=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb cb=0Alf(CR) lx .=0AMacro Description=0A_=0A= \&.XN\-REPLACEMENT \f[I]heading-text T{=0AThese hook macros implement=0A.CW= .XN=0Aand=0A.CW .XH ,=0Arespectively.=0A.=0AThey call=0A.CW \%XN\-INIT=0Aa= nd=0Apass their=0A.I heading-text=0Aarguments to=0A.CW .\%XH\-UPDATE\-TOC .= =0AT}=0A\&.XH\-REPLACEMENT \f[I]depth heading-text \^=0A\&.XH\-INIT T{=0ATh= is hook macro does nothing by default.=0AT}=0A\&.XH\-UPDATE\-TOC\~ \f[I]dep= th heading-text T{=0ABracket=0A.I heading-text=0Awith=0A.CW XS=0Aand=0A.CW = XE=0Acalls,=0Aindenting it by 2 ens per level of=0A.I depth=0Abeyond the fi= rst.=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.KE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0AL.=0AT{=0A.nf=0A.= CW=0A\&.NH 1=0A\&.XN Introduction=0A.R=0A\&.\|.\|.=0A.CW=0A\&.NH 2=0A\&.XN = Methodology=0A\&.XH 3 \[dq]Fassbinder\[aq]s Approach\[dq]=0A\&.XH 3 \[dq]Ka= hiu\[aq]s Approach\[dq]=0A.R=0A\&.\|.\|.=0A.CW=0A\&.NH 1=0A\&.XN Findings= =0A.R=0A\&.\|.\|.=0A.CW=0A\&.TC=0A.fi=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.nr SavedPageNumber = \n%=0A.nr SavedH1 \n[H1] \" groff ms internal name=0A.nr SavedH2 \n[H2] \" = groff ms internal name=0A.nr % 1=0A.rr H1=0A.rr H2=0A.als SavedTOC toc*div = \" groff ms internal name=0A.rm toc*div=0A.di ThrowAway=0A.NH 1=0A.XN Intro= duction=0A.nr % 2=0A.NH 2=0A.XN Methodology=0A.XH 3 "Fassbinder's Approach"= =0A.XH 3 "Kahiu's Approach"=0A.nr % 5=0A.NH 1=0A.XN Findings=0A.br=0A.di=0A= =2E\" We can't emit the TOC inside a B1/B2 box, so use lines instead.=0A.R= =0A\l'\n[.l]u'=0A.PX=0A\l'\n[.l]u'=0A.als toc*div SavedTOC=0A.rm SavedTOC= =0A.nr % \n[SavedPageNumber]=0A.nr H1 \n[SavedH1]=0A.nr H2 \n[SavedH2]=0A.r= r SavedPageNumber=0A.rr SavedH1=0A.rr SavedH2=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0ATo get the se= ction number of the numbered headings into the table of=0Acontents entries,= =0Awe might define=0A.CW \%XN\-REPLACEMENT=0Aas follows.=0A.=0A(We obtain t= he heading depth from=0A.I "groff ms" 's=0Ainternal register=0A.CW nh*hl .)= =0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0AL.=0AT{=0A.nf=0A.CW=0A\&.de XN\-REPLAC= EMENT=0A\&.XN\-INIT=0A\&.XH\-UPDATE\-TOC \[rs]\[rs]n[nh*hl] \[rs]\[rs]$@=0A= \&\[rs]&\[rs]\[rs]*[SN] \[rs]\[rs]$*=0A\&..=0AT}=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AYou = can change the style of the leader that bridges each table of=0Acontents en= try with its page number;=0Adefine the=0A.CW TC\-LEADER=0Aspecial character= by using the=0A.CW char=0Arequest.=0A.=0AA typical leader combines the dot= glyph=0A.CW .\& \[rq] \[lq]=0Awith a horizontal motion escape sequence to = spread the dots.=0A.=0AThe width of the page number field is stored in the= =0A.CW TC\-MARGIN=0Aregister.=0A.=0A.=0A.\" ------------------------=0A.if = t .bp=0A.NH 1=0ADifferences from AT&T=0A.BI ms=0A.XS=0ADifferences from AT&= T=0A.I ms=0A.XE=0A.LP=0AThe=0A.I "groff ms"=0Amacros are an independent rei= mplementation,=0Ausing no AT&T code.=0A.=0ASince they take advantage of the= extended features of=0A.I groff ,=0Athey cannot be used with AT&T=0A.I tro= ff .=0A.=0A.I "groff ms"=0Asupports features described above as Berkeley an= d Tenth Edition Research=0AUnix extensions,=0Aand adds several of its own.= =0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe internals of=0A.I "groff ms"=0Adiffer from those of AT= &T=0A.I ms .=0A.=0ADocuments that depend upon implementation details of AT&= T=0A.I ms=0Amay not format properly with=0A.I "groff ms" .=0A.=0ASuch detai= ls include macros whose function was not documented in the=0AAT&T=0A.I ms= =0Amanual [Lesk 1978].=0A.\" TODO: Use refer(1).=0A.\" XXX: We support RT a= nyway; maybe we should stop?=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe error-handling policy of= =0A.I groff ms=0Ais to detect and report errors,=0Arather than silently to = ignore them.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0ATenth Edition \" possibly 9th=0AResearch Unix = supported=0A.B P1 /=0A.B P2=0Amacros to bracket code examples;=0A.I groff m= s=0Adoes not.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0A.I "groff ms"=0Adoes not work in GNU=0A.I tro= ff 's \" GNU=0AAT&T compatibility mode.=0A.=0AIf loaded when that mode is e= nabled,=0Ait aborts processing with a diagnostic message.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AM= ultiple line spacing is not supported=0A(use a larger vertical spacing inst= ead).=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0A.I "groff ms"=0Auses the same header and footer defau= lts in both=0A.CW nroff=0Aand=0A.CW troff=0Amodes=0Aas AT&T=0A.I ms=0Adoes = in=0A.CW troff=0Amode;=0AAT&T's default in=0A.CW nroff=0Amode is to put the= date,=0Ain U.S.\& traditional format=0A(e.g.,=0A\[lq]January 1, 2021\[rq])= ,=0Ain the center footer=0A(the=0A.CW CF=0Astring).=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AMany=0A= =2EI "groff ms"=0Amacros,=0Aincluding those for paragraphs,=0Aheadings,=0Aa= nd displays,=0Acause a reset of formatting parameters,=0Aand may change the= indentation;=0Athey do so not by incrementing or decrementing it,=0Abut by= setting it absolutely.=0A.=0AThis can cause problems for documents that de= fine additional macros of=0Atheir own that try to manipulate indentation.= =0A.=0AUse=0A.CW .RS=0Aand=0A.CW .RE=0Ainstead of the=0A.CW in=0Arequest.= =0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AAT&T=0A.I ms=0Ainterpreted the values of the registers=0A.= CW PS=0Aand=0A.CW VS=0Ain points,=0Aand did not support the use of scaling = units with them.=0A.=0A.I "groff ms"=0Ainterprets values of the registers= =0A.CW PS ,=0A.CW VS ,=0A.CW FPS ,=0Aand=0A.CW FVS=0Aequal to or larger tha= n\~1,000=0A(one thousand)=0Aas decimal fractions multiplied by\~1,000.\**= =0A.FS=0ARegister values are converted to and stored as basic units.=0A.=0A= See \[lq]Measurements\[rq] in the=0A.I groff=0ATexinfo manual or in=0A.I gr= off (7).=0A.FE=0A.=0AThis threshold makes use of a scaling unit with these = parameters=0Apractical for high-resolution devices while preserving backwar= d=0Acompatibility.=0A.=0AIt also permits expression of non-integral type si= zes.=0A.=0AFor example,=0A.CW "groff \-rPS=3D10.5p" \[rq] \[lq]=0Aat the sh= ell prompt is equivalent to placing=0A.CW ".nr PS 10.5p" \[rq] \[lq]=0Aat t= he beginning of the document.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AAT&T=0A.I ms 's=0A.CW AU=0Ama= cro supported arguments used with some document types;=0A.I "groff ms"=0Ado= es not.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0ARight-aligned displays are available.=0A.=0AThe AT&= T=0A.I ms=0Amanual observes that \[lq]it is tempting to assume that=0A.CW "= =2EDS R"=0Awill right adjust lines,=0Abut it doesn't work\[rq].=0A.=0AIn=0A= =2EI "groff ms" ,=0Ait does.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0ATo make=0A.I groff ms=0Ause th= e default page offset=0A(which also specifies the left margin),=0Athe=0A.B = PO=0Aregister must stay undefined until the first=0A.I ms=0Amacro is called= =2E=0A.=0AThis implies that=0A.B \[rs]n[PO]=0Ashould not be used early in t= he document,=0Aunless it is changed also:=0Aaccessing an undefined register= automatically defines it.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0A.I "groff ms"=0Asupports the=0A.= CW PN=0Aregister,=0Abut it is not necessary;=0Ayou can access the page numb= er via the usual=0A.CW %=0Aregister and invoke the=0A.CW af=0Arequest to as= sign a different format to it if desired.\**=0A.FS=0AIf you redefine the=0A= =2EI ms=0A.CW PT=0Amacro \" I wouldn't mention that, but Lesk 1978 encourag= es doing so. :-/=0Aand desire special treatment of certain page numbers=0A(= like=0A.CW 1 \[rq]), \[lq]=0Ayou may need to handle a non-Arabic page numbe= r format,=0Aas=0A.I "groff ms" 's=0A.CW .PT=0Adoes;=0Asee the macro package= source.=0A.=0A.I "groff ms"=0Aaliases the=0A.CW PN=0Aregister to=0A.CW % .= =0A.FE=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe AT&T=0A.I ms=0Amanual documents registers=0A.CW = CW=0Aand=0A.CW GW=0Aas setting the default column width and \[lq]intercolum= n gap\[rq],=0Arespectively,=0Aand which applied when=0A.CW .MC=0Awas called= with fewer than two arguments.=0A.=0A.I "groff ms"=0Ainstead treats=0A.CW = =2EMC=0Awithout arguments as synonymous with=0A.CW .2C ;=0Athere is thus no= occasion for a default column width register.=0A.=0AFurther,=0Athe=0A.CW M= INGW=0Aregister=0Aand the second argument to=0A.CW .MC=0Aspecify a=0A.I min= imum=0Aspace between columns,=0Anot the fixed gutter width of AT&T=0A.I ms = =2E=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe AT&T=0A.I ms=0Amanual did not document the=0A.CW QI= =0Aregister;=0ABerkeley and=0A.I "groff ms"=0Ado.=0A.=0A.=0A.PP=0AThe regis= ter=0A.CW GS=0Ais set to\~1 by the=0A.I "groff ms"=0Amacros,=0Abut is not u= sed by the AT&T=0A.I ms=0Apackage.=0A.=0ADocuments that need to determine w= hether they are being formatted with=0A.I "groff ms"=0Aor another implement= ation should test this register.=0A.=0A.=0A.\" XXX: We can't use a keep her= e because the wrong page number will be=0A.\" recorded in the table of cont= ents; see Savannah #63159.=0A.\"KS=0A.br=0A.ne 6v=0A.NH 2=0AUnix Version\~7= =0A.BI ms=0Amacros not implemented by=0A.BI "groff ms"=0A.XS=0A Unix Versio= n 7=0A.I ms=0Amacros not implemented by=0A.I "groff ms"=0A.XE=0A.LP=0ASever= al macros described in the Unix Version\~7=0A.I ms=0Adocumentation are unim= plemented by=0A.I "groff ms"=0Abecause they are specific to the requirement= s of documents produced=0Ainternally by Bell Laboratories,=0Asome of which = also require a glyph for the Bell System logo that=0A.I groff=0Adoes not su= pport.=0A.=0AThese macros implemented several document type formats=0A(\c= =0A.CW EG , \" engineer's notes=0A.CW IM , \" internal memorandum=0A.CW MF = , \" memorandum for file=0A.CW MR , \" memorandum for record=0A.CW TM , \" = technical memorandum=0A.CW TR ), \" technical report=0Awere meaningful only= in conjunction with the use of certain document=0Atypes=0A(\c=0A.CW AT , \= " attachments=0A.CW CS , \" cover sheet info for `TM` documents=0A.CW CT , = \" copies to=0A.CW OK , \" "other keywords" for `TM` documents=0A.CW SG ), = \" signatures for `TM` documents=0Astored the postal addresses of Bell Labs= sites=0A(\c=0A.CW HO , \" Holmdel=0A.CW IH , \" Naperville=0A.CW MH , \" M= urray Hill=0A.CW PY , \" Piscataway=0A.CW WH ), \" Whippany=0Aor lacked a s= table definition over time=0A(\c=0A.CW UX ). \" Unix; on 1st use, add footn= ote identifying trademark owner=0A.=0ATo compatibly render historical=0A.I = ms=0Adocuments using these macros,=0Awe advise your documents to invoke the= =0A.CW rm=0Arequest to remove any such macros it uses and then define repla= cements=0Awith an authentically typeset original at hand.\**=0A.FS=0AThe re= moval beforehand is necessary because=0A.I "groff ms"=0Aaliases these macro= s to a diagnostic macro,=0Aand you want to redefine the aliased name,=0Anot= its target.=0A.FE=0A.=0AFor informal purposes,=0Aa simple definition of=0A= =2ECW UX=0Ashould maintain the readability of the document's substance.=0A.= =0A.=0A.TS=0Abox center;=0Alf(CR).=0A\&.rm UX=0A\&.ds UX Unix\[rs]"=0A.TE= =0A.\"KE=0A.=0A.=0A.\" ------------------------=0A.if t .bp=0A.NH 1=0ALegac= y features=0A.XS=0ALegacy features=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.LP=0A.I "groff ms"=0Are= tains some legacy features solely to support formatting of historical=0Adoc= uments;=0Acontemporary ones should not use them because they can render poo= rly.=0A.=0ASee=0A.I groff_char (7)=0Ainstead.=0A.=0A.=0A.NH 2=0AAT&T=0A.I m= s=0Aaccent mark strings=0A.XS=0A AT&T=0A.I ms=0Aaccent mark strings=0A.XE= =0A.LP=0AAT&T=0A.I ms=0Adefined=0Aaccent mark strings as follows.=0A.=0A.= =0A.TS=0Abox center;=0ACb Lb=0ALf(CR) Lx.=0AString Description=0A_=0A\[rs]*= [\[aq]] Apply acute accent to subsequent glyph.=0A\[rs]*[\[ga]] Apply grave= accent to subsequent glyph.=0A\[rs]*[:] Apply dieresis (umlaut) to subsequ= ent glyph.=0A\[rs]*[\[ha]] Apply circumflex accent to subsequent glyph.=0A\= [rs]*[\[ti]] Apply tilde accent to subsequent glyph.=0A\[rs]*[C] Apply caro= n to subsequent glyph.=0A.\" \*v was an undocumented (in Lesk 1978-11-13) s= ynonym for \*C.=0A\[rs]*[,] Apply cedilla to subsequent glyph.=0A.TE=0A.=0A= =2E=0A.NH 2=0ABerkeley=0A.I ms=0Aaccent mark and glyph strings=0A.XS=0A Ber= keley=0A.I ms=0Aaccent mark and glyph strings=0A.XE=0A.LP=0ABerkeley=0A.I m= s=0Aoffered an=0A.CW AM=0Amacro;=0Acalling it redefined the AT&T accent mar= k strings=0A(except for=0A.CW \[rs]*C ),=0Aapplied them to the=0A.I precedi= ng=0Aglyph,=0Aand defined additional strings,=0Asome for spacing glyphs.=0A= =2E=0A.=0A.TS=0Abox;=0Acb cb=0Alf(CR) lx .=0AMacro Description=0A_=0A\&.AM = Enable alternative accent mark and glyph-producing strings.=0A.TE=0A.=0A.= =0A.TS=0Abox center;=0ACb Lb=0ALf(CR) Lx.=0AString Description=0A_=0A\[rs]*= [\[aq]] Apply acute accent to preceding glyph.=0A\[rs]*[\[ga]] Apply grave = accent to preceding glyph.=0A\[rs]*[:] Apply dieresis (umlaut) to preceding= glyph.=0A\[rs]*[\[ha]] Apply circumflex accent to preceding glyph.=0A\[rs]= *[\[ti]] Apply tilde accent to preceding glyph.=0A\[rs]*[,] Apply cedilla t= o preceding glyph.=0A\[rs]*[/] Apply stroke (slash) to preceding glyph.=0A\= [rs]*[v] Apply caron to preceding glyph.=0A\[rs]*[_] Apply macron to preced= ing glyph.=0A\[rs]*[.] Apply underdot to preceding glyph.=0A\[rs]*[o] Apply= ring accent to preceding glyph.=0A_=0A\[rs]*[?] Interpolate inverted quest= ion mark.=0A\[rs]*[!] Interpolate inverted exclamation mark.=0A\[rs]*[8] In= terpolate small letter sharp s.=0A\[rs]*[q] Interpolate small letter o with= hook accent (ogonek).=0A\[rs]*[3] Interpolate small letter yogh.=0A\[rs]*[= d-] Interpolate small letter eth.=0A\[rs]*[D-] Interpolate capital letter e= th.=0A\[rs]*[th] Interpolate small letter thorn.=0A\[rs]*[TH] Interpolate c= apital letter thorn.=0A\[rs]*[ae] Interpolate small ae ligature.=0A\[rs]*[A= E] Interpolate capital ae ligature.=0A\[rs]*[oe] Interpolate small oe ligat= ure.=0A\[rs]*[OE] Interpolate capital oe ligature.=0A.TE=0A.=0A.=0A.\" ----= --------------------=0A.if t .bp=0A.NH 1=0AFurther reading=0A.XS=0AFurther = reading=0A.XE=0A.=0A.=0A.XP=0A\[lq]Typing Documents on the Unix System:=0AU= sing the \-ms Macros with Troff and Nroff\[rq];=0AM.\& E.\& Lesk;=0ANovembe= r 13, 1978.=0A.=0AThis document describes the=0A.I ms=0Asupplied with AT&T = Unix Version\~7.=0A.=0A.=0A.XP=0A\[lq]A Revised Version of \-ms\[rq];=0ABil= l Tuthill;=0AAugust 1983.=0A.=0AThe 4.2BSD release featured several extensi= ons to=0A.I ms ,=0Amost of which are recreated in=0A.I "groff ms" .=0A.=0A(= The exceptions are the=0A.CW TM=0Aand=0A.CW CT=0Amacros for setting a docto= ral thesis in the format required by the=0Acontemporaneous degree-granting = authorities of the University of=0ACalifornia at Berkeley.)=0A.=0A.=0A.XP= =0A\[lq]Using PDF boxes with=0A.I groff=0Aand the=0A.I ms=0Amacros\[rq];=0A= Deri James;=0AMarch 2021.=0A.=0A.CW BOXSTART=0Aand=0A.CW BOXSTOP=0Amacros a= re available via the=0A.I sboxes=0Aextension package,=0Aenabling colored,= =0Abordered boxes when the=0A.CW pdf=0Aoutput device is used.=0A.=0AThis do= cument is distributed with=0A.I groff=0Aas the file=0A.I msboxes.pdf .=0A.= =0A.=0A.LP=0AThis manual was composed using=0A.I "groff ms" ;=0Athe curious= may consult its source in the file=0A.I ms.ms=0Ato see how its formatting = was achieved.=0A.\" ------------------------=0A.TC=0A.=0A.=0A.\" Local Vari= ables:=0A.\" fill-column: 72=0A.\" mode: nroff=0A.\" End:=0A.\" vim: set fi= letype=3Dgroff textwidth=3D72:=0A --7n2qwcpszid6mjfj Content-Type: application/pdf Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="ms.2023-01-26.pdf" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 JVBERi0xLjQKJcfsj6IKJSVJbnZvY2F0aW9uOiBwYXRoL2dzIC1QLSAtZFNBRkVSIC1kQ29t cGF0aWJpbGl0eUxldmVsPTEuNCAtZFBERlNFVFRJTkdTPS9wcmludGVyIC1xIC1QLSAtZE5P UEFVU0UgLWRCQVRDSCAtc0RFVklDRT1wZGZ3cml0ZSAtc3N0ZG91dD0/IC1zT3V0cHV0Rmls ZT0/IC1QLSAtZFNBRkVSIC1kQ29tcGF0aWJpbGl0eUxldmVsPTEuNCAtZFBERlNFVFRJTkdT 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Branden Robinson" Message-ID: In-Reply-To: <20230127003612.dszdsftdjkobikx7@illithid> References: <202301261804.30QI4sd9132510@darkstar.fourwinds.com> <202301262138.30QLc6wY143500@darkstar.fourwinds.com> <620c709c-e8bb-401c-a60d-8869457caacd@app.fastmail.com> <20230127003612.dszdsftdjkobikx7@illithid> Feedback-ID: 35591162:user:proton MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message-ID-Hash: EET4FD2OWMRX66XBLA33MYG5IZAHKUXN X-Message-ID-Hash: EET4FD2OWMRX66XBLA33MYG5IZAHKUXN X-MailFrom: segaloco@protonmail.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: Joseph Holsten , Tautological Eunuch Horticultural Scythians X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] =?utf-8?q?Re=3A_Collecting_notes_for_future_=E2=80=9Chistorians=E2=80=9D_was=3A_Earliest_UNIX_Workstations=3F?= List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: From: segaloco via TUHS Reply-To: segaloco X-Spam: Yes You just got my head all abuzz on whether a *roff<->MediaWiki transpiler wo= uld be: 1. Possible and 2. Beneficial. We use a MediaWiki at work for aggregating random tidbits from people that = they think might get lost in project noise. There's times I'd love to have= some way to *roff-ize the materials for white papers, the printouts from M= ediaWiki are uuuuugly. Benefits on the flip-side would be rapidly getting = all sorts of documentation into Wiki format pretty quickly. Of course, for an actual documentation project, there would need to be a ma= ster as diverse edits in different places wouldn't track with one another. = In this case, the *roff sources would probably make a better master for di= ff reasons. - Matt G. ------- Original Message ------- On Thursday, January 26th, 2023 at 4:36 PM, G. Branden Robinson wrote: > Hi Joseph, >=20 > At 2023-01-26T14:41:50-0800, Joseph Holsten wrote: >=20 > > And if I=E2=80=99m writing in troff, is there a preferred macro set for > > articles these days? A decade ago I wrote manuals in mdoc but papers > > in LaTeX; these days I just lean on pandoc to translate. I=E2=80=99ll n= eed to > > knock my rust off. >=20 >=20 > There's always ms. It's pretty easy to acquire, and will produce > authentic looking traditional Unix papers with little effort. Here's a > manual that Larry Kollar and I wrote, in source and PDF forms. It's > gotten positive feedback from the groff mailing list. >=20 > Regards, > Branden From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-0.8 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED, MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 11759 invoked from network); 27 Jan 2023 01:29:13 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 27 Jan 2023 01:29:13 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 1EA21424F1; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 11:28:51 +1000 (AEST) Received: from pb-smtp20.pobox.com (pb-smtp20.pobox.com [173.228.157.52]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 19124424F0 for ; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 11:28:46 +1000 (AEST) Received: from pb-smtp20.pobox.com (unknown [127.0.0.1]) by pb-smtp20.pobox.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7643B1E0358; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 20:28:45 -0500 (EST) (envelope-from davida@pobox.com) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed; d=pobox.com; h= content-type:content-transfer-encoding:mime-version:subject:from :in-reply-to:cc:date:message-id:references:to; s=sasl; bh=4CVvlb x9icP+2oXh4BnDKieWAguFUMrdg3e3sw7/ZWw=; b=cfOn+pmf3ObcH0gWd/uOeX s22A8yDMzdY38UR7YLfjUoslSUB6Btdw65VGTuy7zK++eBwhvAicYnO2L/pOs1V0 ZfKFuPzUNimr/tCf24jibho7hb1DhDXaNHXgRuAPcztyQBg1aYiCiIJlES1TxRHh LodYMphjKEbBdpIgGQL1Q= Received: from pb-smtp20.sea.icgroup.com (unknown [127.0.0.1]) by pb-smtp20.pobox.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6E03D1E0357; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 20:28:45 -0500 (EST) (envelope-from davida@pobox.com) Received: from smtpclient.apple (unknown [203.132.93.11]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by pb-smtp20.pobox.com (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id CC73B1E0356; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 20:28:41 -0500 (EST) (envelope-from davida@pobox.com) Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Mime-Version: 1.0 (1.0) From: David Arnold In-Reply-To: Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2023 12:28:27 +1100 Message-Id: References: To: segaloco X-Mailer: iPhone Mail (20C65) X-Pobox-Relay-ID: EED577C8-9DE1-11ED-BEA2-C2DA088D43B2-29049682!pb-smtp20.pobox.com Message-ID-Hash: 53UTANBOS2EIEMRTBYQGDZFFARMOAI5N X-Message-ID-Hash: 53UTANBOS2EIEMRTBYQGDZFFARMOAI5N X-MailFrom: davida@pobox.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: Joseph Holsten , Tautological Eunuch Horticultural Scythians X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] =?utf-8?q?Re=3A_Collecting_notes_for_future_=E2=80=9Chistorians=E2=80=9D_was=3A_Earliest_UNIX_Workstations=3F?= List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: fwiw, Pandoc (https://pandoc.org) claims to be able to translate between Med= iaWiki and both man and ms roff macros.=20 d > On 27 Jan 2023, at 11:54, segaloco via TUHS wrote: >=20 > =EF=BB=BFYou just got my head all abuzz on whether a *roff<->MediaWiki tra= nspiler would be: 1. Possible and 2. Beneficial. >=20 > We use a MediaWiki at work for aggregating random tidbits from people that= they think might get lost in project noise. There's times I'd love to have= some way to *roff-ize the materials for white papers, the printouts from Me= diaWiki are uuuuugly. Benefits on the flip-side would be rapidly getting al= l sorts of documentation into Wiki format pretty quickly. >=20 > Of course, for an actual documentation project, there would need to be a m= aster as diverse edits in different places wouldn't track with one another. = In this case, the *roff sources would probably make a better master for dif= f reasons. >=20 > - Matt G. >=20 > ------- Original Message ------- >> On Thursday, January 26th, 2023 at 4:36 PM, G. Branden Robinson wrote: >> Hi Joseph, >> At 2023-01-26T14:41:50-0800, Joseph Holsten wrote: >>> And if I=E2=80=99m writing in troff, is there a preferred macro set for >>> articles these days? A decade ago I wrote manuals in mdoc but papers >>> in LaTeX; these days I just lean on pandoc to translate. I=E2=80=99ll ne= ed to >>> knock my rust off. >> There's always ms. It's pretty easy to acquire, and will produce >> authentic looking traditional Unix papers with little effort. Here's a >> manual that Larry Kollar and I wrote, in source and PDF forms. It's >> gotten positive feedback from the groff mailing list. >> Regards, >> Branden From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.4 (2020-01-24) on inbox.vuxu.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-0.8 required=5.0 tests=DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED, HTML_MESSAGE,MAILING_LIST_MULTI autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.4 Received: (qmail 12675 invoked from network); 27 Jan 2023 01:36:27 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (50.116.15.146) by inbox.vuxu.org with ESMTPUTF8; 27 Jan 2023 01:36:27 -0000 Received: from minnie.tuhs.org (localhost [IPv6:::1]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 5C596424F5; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 11:36:21 +1000 (AEST) Received: from mail-ej1-f42.google.com (mail-ej1-f42.google.com [209.85.218.42]) by minnie.tuhs.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 1D55A424F4 for ; Fri, 27 Jan 2023 11:36:16 +1000 (AEST) Received: by mail-ej1-f42.google.com with SMTP id tz11so10086081ejc.0 for ; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 17:36:16 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=bsdimp-com.20210112.gappssmtp.com; s=20210112; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=0rldyiVQ/l5ALLkOCizAwctQEFuGaG9eGDVbnA8E9X4=; b=qBx9ho0uRrYlbkdH9j71DTZfrk6Ftep5yPHyR1AqYd5FcWSJpoZu6YScvdwDNsRpEI EBY+UmJzywHck4ezNi8K9dqj0FDJqAkuoLqeo+dUzpyXNr6S0EElX7B5l+mnRq0zWXf4 2SWsE1CNohjCKhbq7VrWCYJW56VM3eplgM6w//mVohmUpG1NmP5jHkWM1CspYg1tv8T3 V6eg5NZv7LyWoKAUsN0vV5iUA3cktWZlKRSp6Fny4r5Wchxefpx6NCZYvfXkLc7O7NoX LOXsw//KqR5LQ84hZKnDbr5wgDC4xbAbhPBHp1xBBmPKEq6k9bwXFoFBbo+qLUe9HvGz EaZQ== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20210112; h=cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from:in-reply-to:references :mime-version:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id :reply-to; bh=0rldyiVQ/l5ALLkOCizAwctQEFuGaG9eGDVbnA8E9X4=; b=XClKe6Ef5gv9yJFhkgdY5mM/DZxC12q163wQTBNu/ERZC3HlMTGCPLBARmwtpqrXII IKCyZU+5w8inCNhKkJZBpZVvYc16JgRFjQl07SbWjefeCzIQD/g5si+hFuKLhuriFaH8 uO7GGgqSSXkQgzULLTggLjBDqJH2fPzpTAul73KHoDOS2Hv7hikCg40Bk9Jx4vEPjrGQ 8EQx5pR6699yM0aXprMDaK9CW+83tV4zVKky9y0RLjKfDBe2MyYxVRPbXPhYbCMX6PGr dmwhfxVxmx7Xz3Mtq77VDMaDCnvS1qJPCiSMuBae8uc9N0nAks9q++kfzokp00AGfBPi Iblg== X-Gm-Message-State: AO0yUKVuVVznY0ZLrbq6lpNOQkIeSvEZwk3EPGE3JYDVI4IdXgV75k1u /koOkqm3LkCNtb0aFAp/8OMxEka5bl9SKRdHfzw4CHsOcBZxnQ== X-Google-Smtp-Source: AMrXdXuo6ztJcLnyR4b42DXTSJwLz2pCid3sdO/Xb6Kou9w7TL0FzljPh5kUif9DC3PHFbqeHxWkY0OtaJCceQIAnpI= X-Received: by 2002:a17:906:3042:b0:877:ec5e:87ce with SMTP id d2-20020a170906304200b00877ec5e87cemr2649369ejd.262.1674783314477; Thu, 26 Jan 2023 17:35:14 -0800 (PST) MIME-Version: 1.0 References: In-Reply-To: From: Warner Losh Date: Thu, 26 Jan 2023 18:35:02 -0700 Message-ID: To: David Arnold Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="000000000000891bd505f334e0e9" Message-ID-Hash: S7WABW3FTGFWU32RDFPB2B7GHVMJHW6I X-Message-ID-Hash: S7WABW3FTGFWU32RDFPB2B7GHVMJHW6I X-MailFrom: wlosh@bsdimp.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: segaloco , Joseph Holsten , Tautological Eunuch Horticultural Scythians X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] =?utf-8?q?Re=3A_Collecting_notes_for_future_=E2=80=9Chistorians=E2=80=9D_was=3A_Earliest_UNIX_Workstations=3F?= List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: --000000000000891bd505f334e0e9 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable I've moved to markdown or asciidoc for things like this. So many things can import them and they are easier to write than roff or TeX. Warner On Thu, Jan 26, 2023, 6:29 PM David Arnold wrote: > fwiw, Pandoc (https://pandoc.org) claims to be able to translate between > MediaWiki and both man and ms roff macros. > > > > > d > > > > On 27 Jan 2023, at 11:54, segaloco via TUHS wrote: > > > > =EF=BB=BFYou just got my head all abuzz on whether a *roff<->MediaWiki > transpiler would be: 1. Possible and 2. Beneficial. > > > > We use a MediaWiki at work for aggregating random tidbits from people > that they think might get lost in project noise. There's times I'd love = to > have some way to *roff-ize the materials for white papers, the printouts > from MediaWiki are uuuuugly. Benefits on the flip-side would be rapidly > getting all sorts of documentation into Wiki format pretty quickly. > > > > Of course, for an actual documentation project, there would need to be = a > master as diverse edits in different places wouldn't track with one > another. In this case, the *roff sources would probably make a better > master for diff reasons. > > > > - Matt G. > > > > ------- Original Message ------- > >> On Thursday, January 26th, 2023 at 4:36 PM, G. Branden Robinson < > g.branden.robinson@gmail.com> wrote: > >> Hi Joseph, > >> At 2023-01-26T14:41:50-0800, Joseph Holsten wrote: > >>> And if I=E2=80=99m writing in troff, is there a preferred macro set f= or > >>> articles these days? A decade ago I wrote manuals in mdoc but papers > >>> in LaTeX; these days I just lean on pandoc to translate. I=E2=80=99ll= need to > >>> knock my rust off. > >> There's always ms. It's pretty easy to acquire, and will produce > >> authentic looking traditional Unix papers with little effort. Here's a > >> manual that Larry Kollar and I wrote, in source and PDF forms. It's > >> gotten positive feedback from the groff mailing list. > >> Regards, > >> Branden > > --000000000000891bd505f334e0e9 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
I've moved to markdown or asciidoc for things like th= is. So many things can import them and they are easier to write than roff o= r TeX.

Warner=C2=A0

On Th= u, Jan 26, 2023, 6:29 PM David Arnold <davida@pobox.com> wrote:
= fwiw, Pandoc (https://pandoc.org) claims to be able to translate be= tween MediaWiki and both man and ms roff macros.




d


> On 27 Jan 2023, at 11:54, segaloco via TUHS <tuhs@tuhs.org> wrote= :
>
> =EF=BB=BFYou just got my head all abuzz on whether a *roff<->Med= iaWiki transpiler would be: 1. Possible and 2. Beneficial.
>
> We use a MediaWiki at work for aggregating random tidbits from people = that they think might get lost in project noise.=C2=A0 There's times I&= #39;d love to have some way to *roff-ize the materials for white papers, th= e printouts from MediaWiki are uuuuugly.=C2=A0 Benefits on the flip-side wo= uld be rapidly getting all sorts of documentation into Wiki format pretty q= uickly.
>
> Of course, for an actual documentation project, there would need to be= a master as diverse edits in different places wouldn't track with one = another.=C2=A0 In this case, the *roff sources would probably make a better= master for diff reasons.
>
> - Matt G.
>
> ------- Original Message -------
>> On Thursday, January 26th, 2023 at 4:36 PM, G. Branden Robinson &l= t;g.branden.robinson@gmail.com> wrote:
>> Hi Joseph,
>> At 2023-01-26T14:41:50-0800, Joseph Holsten wrote:
>>> And if I=E2=80=99m writing in troff, is there a preferred macr= o set for
>>> articles these days? A decade ago I wrote manuals in mdoc but = papers
>>> in LaTeX; these days I just lean on pandoc to translate. I=E2= =80=99ll need to
>>> knock my rust off.
>> There's always ms. It's pretty easy to acquire, and will p= roduce
>> authentic looking traditional Unix papers with little effort. Here= 's a
>> manual that Larry Kollar and I wrote, in source and PDF forms. It&= #39;s
>> gotten positive feedback from the groff mailing list.
>> Regards,
>> Branden

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boundary="000000000000ad838205f392de07" Message-ID-Hash: 23NBEZXVUANHPL2YIK2GNVKGCSDGRKGC X-Message-ID-Hash: 23NBEZXVUANHPL2YIK2GNVKGCSDGRKGC X-MailFrom: marc.donner@gmail.com X-Mailman-Rule-Misses: dmarc-mitigation; no-senders; approved; emergency; loop; banned-address; member-moderation; header-match-tuhs.tuhs.org-0; nonmember-moderation; administrivia; implicit-dest; max-recipients; max-size; news-moderation; no-subject; digests; suspicious-header CC: The Eunuchs Hysterical Society X-Mailman-Version: 3.3.6b1 Precedence: list Subject: [TUHS] Re: Earliest UNIX Workstations? List-Id: The Unix Heritage Society mailing list Archived-At: List-Archive: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: --000000000000ad838205f392de07 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" I was a grad student at CMU at the time. Raj Reddy told me back then that it was 1 MIPS, 1 million pixels, 1 megabyte of RAM. On Mon, Jan 30, 2023, 21:04 Mary Ann Horton wrote: > On 1/25/23 17:01, Larry Stewart wrote: > > Jim Morris left PARC and went off to CMU and began talking up the idea of > the "3M" workstation. One MIPs, One Megabyte of RAM, and One Million > Pixels. > > The way I heard it, a workstation needed to have Menus, a Mouse, and a 1 > MIPS processor. It also had a megabyte of RAM, at least a megabit LAN, a > megapixel of display, and cost about a megapenny. > > Thanks, > > *Mary Ann Horton* (she/her/ma'am) > maryannhorton.com > > "This is a great book" - Monica Helms > > "Brave and Important" - Laura L. Engel > > Available on Amazon and bn.com! > > > > > --000000000000ad838205f392de07 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
I was a grad student at CMU at the time.=C2=A0 Raj Reddy = told me back then that it was 1 MIPS, 1 million pixels, 1 megabyte of RAM.<= /div>
O= n Mon, Jan 30, 2023, 21:04 Mary Ann Horton <mah@mhorton.net> wrote:
=20 =20 =20
On 1/25/23 17:01, Larry Stewart wrote:
Jim Morris left PARC and went off to CMU and began talking up the idea of the "3M" workstation.=C2=A0 One MIPs, One Megabyte of RA= M, and One Million Pixels.
The way I heard it, a workstation needed to have Menus, a Mouse, and a 1 MIPS processor. It also had a megabyte of RAM, at least a megabit LAN, a megapixel of display, and cost about a megapenny.

Thanks,

=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 Mary Ann Horton (she/he= r/ma'am)
=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 maryannhorton.com

"This is a great book" - Monica Helms

"Brave and Important" - Laura L. Engel

=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 Available on Amazon and bn.com!




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