[COFF] Re: Clever code

[COFF] Re: Clever code

[Warren Toomey via COFF]

I think we might move the discussion on memory technologies, CPU 
architectures etc. to COFF 😁

Thanks, Warren

[COFF] Re: Instruction Density. (Was: Clever code)

[Ralph Corderoy]

Hi,

Branden wrote:
> the amount of space in the instruction for encoding registers seems to
> me to have played a major role in the design of the RV32I/E and C
> (compressed) extension instruction formats of RISC-V.

Before RISC-V, the need for code density caused ARM to move away from
the original, highly regular instruction format of one 32-bit word per
instruction to Thumb and then Thumb-2 encoding.  IIRC, Thumb moved to
16-bit per instruction which was expanded by Thumb-2 to also have some
32-bit instructions.  The mobile market was getting going and the
storage options and their financial and power costs meant code density
mattered more.

The original ARM instructions had the top four bits hold the ‘condition
code’ which decided if the instruction was executed, thus the top hex
nibble was readable.  

     0                                               f
    eq ne cs cc  mi pl vs vc  hi ls ge lt  gt le al nv

Data processing instructions, like

    and rd, rn, rm    ; d = n & m

aligned each of the four-bits to identify which of the sixteen registers
were used on nibble boundaries so again it was readable as hex.

    xxxx000a aaaSnnnn ddddcccc ctttmmmm

The ‘a aaa’ above wasn't aligned, but still neatly picked which of the
sixteen data-processing instructions was used.

    and eor sub rsb  add adc sbc rsc  tst teq cmp cmn  orr mov bic mvn         

And so it went on.  A SoftWare Interrupt had an aligned 1111 to select
it and the low twenty-four bits as the interrupt number.

    xxxx1111 yyyyyyyy yyyyyyyy yyyyyyyy

I assume this neat arrangement helped keep the decoding circuitry small
leading to a simpler design and lower power consumption.  The latter was
important because Acorn, the ARM chip's designer, wanted a cheaper
plastic case rather than ceramic so they set a design limit of 1 W.  Due
to the poor tooling available, it came in at 0.1 W after allowing for a
margin of error.  This was so low that Acorn were surprised when an
early board ran without power connected to the ARM; they found it was
clocking just from the leakage of the surrounding support chips.

Also, Acorn's Roger Wilson who designed the ARM's instruction set was an
expert assembly programmer, e.g. he wrote the 16 KiB BASIC ROM for 6502,
so he approached it from the programmer's viewpoint as well as the chip
designer he became.

Thumb and Thumb-2 naturally had to destroy all this so instructions are
now not orthogonal.  Having coded swtch() in assembler for various ARM
Cortex M-..., it's a pain to have to keep checking what instructions are
available on this model and what registers can it access.  On ARM 2,
there were few rules to remember and writing assembler was fun.

-- 
Cheers, Ralph.

[COFF] Re: Instruction Density.

[Michael Kjörling]

And while we're on the subject of the ARM, Ars Technica did a writeup
on its early history recently that may be of interest to people here.

https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/09/a-history-of-arm-part-1-building-the-first-chip/

-- 
Michael Kjörling                     🏡 https://michael.kjorling.se
“Remember when, on the Internet, nobody cared that you were a dog?”